Application to

Information and
Technology
 Lecture 4

Operating
system
 What is an Operating System?
 An operating system (OS) manages all other applications and
programs in a computer, and it is loaded into the computer
by a boot program.
 It enables applications to interact with a computer’s
hardware. Through a designated application program
interface, the application program request services from the
operating system.
 The kernel is the software that contains the operating
system’s core components. To run other program, every
computer has to have at least one operating system
installed.
 Functions of Operating System
 Processor Management: An operating system manages the processor’s work by
allocating various jobs to it and ensuring that each process receives enough time from the
processor to function properly.
 Certain algorithms used for CPU scheduling are as follows:
• First Come First Serve (FCFS)
• Shortest Job First (SJF)
• Priority-based scheduling etc
 Memory Management: An operating system manages the allocation and
deallocation of the memory to various processes and ensures that the other process does not
consume the memory allocated to one process.
 Device Management: There are various input and output devices. An OS controls the
working of these input-output devices. It receives the requests from these devices, performs a
specific task, and communicates back to the requesting process.
• Allocates and deallocates devices to different processes.
• Keeps records of the devices.
•
 Functions of Operating System
 Protecting the system memory against malicious access.

 File Management:
An operating system keeps track of information regarding the creation,
deletion, transfer, copy, and storage of files in an organized way.
 Security:
The operating system provides various techniques which assure the
integrity and confidentiality of user data. Following security measures are used to
protect user data:

 Protection against unauthorized access through login.

 Protection against intrusion by keeping Firefall active.
Functions of Operating System
 Displaying messages related to system vulnerabilities.
 Error Detection:
From time to time, the operating system checks the system for any external
threat or malicious software activity. It also checks the hardware for any type of
damage.
 Job Scheduling:
In a multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously, the operating
system determines which applications should run in which order and how time
should be allocated to each application.
Types of Operating Systems

 Batch OS
 Distributed OS
 Multitasking OS
 Network OS
 Real-OS
 Mobile OS/ embaded
Batch O.S
Batch OS is the first operating system for
second-generation computers.
 This OS does not directly interact with the computer.
Instead, an operator takes up similar jobs and groups
them together into a batch, and then these batches
are executed one by one based on the first-come, first,
serve principle.
 Examples of Batch OS: payroll system, bank
statements, data entry, etc
Distributed O.S
 A distributed OS is a recent advancement in the field of computer technology
and is utilized all over the world.

 In a distributed OS, various computers are connected through a single

communication channel.

 These independent computers have their memory unit and CPU and are
known as loosely coupled systems. The system processes can be of different
sizes and can perform different functions.

 The major benefit of such a type of operating system is that a user can
access files that are not present on his system but in another connected
system.
 Examples are LOCUS ,AIX operating system for IBM RS/6000 computers.
•
Multitasking OS

 The multitasking OS is also known as the time-sharing operating system as

each task is given some time so that all the tasks work efficiently.

 This system provides access to a large number of users, and each user gets
the time of CPU as they get in a single system.

 The tasks performed are given by a single user or by different users.

 Examples are UNIX, LINUX, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, etc.
Network OS
 Network operating systems are the systems that run on a server and manage
all the networking functions.

 They allow sharing of various files, applications, printers, security, and other
networking functions over a small network of computers like LAN or any other
private network.

 Examples of Network OS: Microsoft Windows server 2008, LINUX, etc.

Real-Time OS
Real-Time operating systems serve real-time systems. These operating systems are useful when many events occur in a short time or within certain deadlines, such as real-time
simulations.

Hard real-time O.S Soft real-time OS

 The soft real-time OS is the operating
 The hard real-time OS is the system for applications where time
operating system for mainly the constraint is not very strict.
applications in which the slightest  In a soft real-time system, an important
delay is also unacceptable. The task is prioritized over less important
time constraints of such tasks, and this priority remains active
applications are very strict. Such until the completion of the task.
systems are built for life-saving Furthermore, a time limit is always set
equipment like parachutes and for a specific job, enabling short time
airbags, which immediately need to delays for future tasks, which is
acceptable. For Example, virtual reality,
Mobile OS
 A mobile OS is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, and PDA’s. It is
a platform on which other applications can run on mobile devices.
 Advantages of Mobile OS
It provides ease to users.
 Disadvantages of Mobile OS
Some of mobile operating systems give poor battery quality to users.
Some of the mobile operating systems are not user-friendly.
 Some mobile OS are
 1. Android OS
The Android OS is the most common operating system among the mobile operating system. Furthermore, Google is the
developer of Android. Moreover, it is an open source and free operating system.
 2. Bada
Samsung is the launcher of this operating system. It came into market in 2010. Moreover, it includes features like 3-D
graphics, application installation, multipoint touch etc.
 3. Blackberry OS
The developer of this operating system is Reasearch In Motion (RIM). It was specifically designed for blackberry devices.
Furthermore, it is useful for corporate users.
 4. Apple iOS
After android, it is one of the most popular OS. It is designed to run on Apple devices such as iPhones, iPad tablets, etc.
Moreover, like the android devices have the playstore for apps download. Likewise, apple iOS contains the app store. Also,
it has very strong security features.
 5. Windows Mobile Operating System
The developer of this OS is Microsoft. It is basically designed for pocket PCs and smartphones. Moreover, it has the
features of computer based Windows OS and additional features for mobile phones.
 6. Harmony OS
It is a latest OS moreover, Huawei is its developer. It is specifically designed for use in IoT devices.
 7. Palm OS
Its other name is Garnet OS. Furthermore, Palm Ltd. is its developer which developed this OS for use in Personal Digital
Assisstants (PADs).
 8. WebOS
Palm Ltd is its developer. Moreover, it is based on Linux kernel and HP uses it in its mobile devices and touchpads.
 Choosing the Right Operating
System
 When choosing an operating system, there are several
factors to consider, including:
• Cost: Some operating systems, like Linux, offer free
access, while others, such as Windows and macOS, require
purchasing.
• Compatibility: Choosing an operating system that
works with your software and hardware is important.
• Ease of use: macOS and iOS have easy-to-use
interfaces, while Linux may take longer to learn.
• Security: macOS and iOS offer strong security, but
Windows may have more vulnerabilities.
Operating System FAQs
 What is an operating system and example?
 What are the 5 operating system types?
 What is the importance of an operating system?
 What is OS structure?.
 What is the process in OS?
Thank you