Types of Operating system

•Batch Operating System

•Multiple programming operating system
•Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
•Multiprocessing OS
•Real Time OS
•Distributed OS
•Network OS
•Mobile OS
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Batch Operating Systems : (Jobs are processed in the order of submission, i.e., first come first served fashion.)
In early days computer work was given on punch cards and then these punch cards behave as input to the computer. These
jobs or batch jobs were then executed by the computer one by one. So that computers were called as batch computers or
batch systems. The work done by batch systems are in parts i.e. one job is processed then another job in the queue is
processed and so on.

Advantages
•Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the
computer.
•Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the
previous job is finished, without any manual intervention.

Disadvantages
• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
•Difficult to debug program.
•CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O
devices is slower than the CPU
•Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect
pending jobs.
Examples of batch systems
1.Payroll system
Batch systems are ideal for making payrolls. The salaries of employees can be printed at the end of month by the batch
systems. So the statements can be made easy by using batch systems.
2.Bank statements
At the end of month the bank makes statements for each account holder. So these bank statements can be made easily
by batch systems at the end of month.

2. Multiprogramming Operating Systems :

• Multiprogramming operating systems are those which consumes CPU or ram efficiently. That mean the CPU keep all
times busy and all tasks are given time. In these systems users get quick response time. But if there are many tasks
running on the RAM then it stops loading more tasks and in that case hard drive will be used for storing some
processes.

• Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is referred
as multiprogramming

• Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute.
Advantages of multiprogramming systems
• CPU is used most of time and never become idle
• Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs
• In some applications multiple tasks are running and multiprogramming systems better handle these type of applications

Disadvantages of multiprogramming systems

• Due to high load of tasks, long time jobs have to wait long
3. Multitasking Operating Systems or Time Sharing OS
:
• Multitasking term used in a modern computer system. Multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming system
that supports multiple programs to run concurrently. In multitasking more than one task are executed at the same time.

• Multitasking is when multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously by switching between them. Switches
occur so frequently that the users may interact with each program while it is running.
• Example :WINDOWS LINUX Operating system
4. Multiprocessor operating Systems
• A Multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share a common physical memory. Multiprocessor system
provides higher computing power and speed. In multiprocessor system all processors operate under single operating
system.
• Although single-processor systems are most common, multiprocessor systems (also known as parallel systems or tightly
coupled systems) are growing in importance. Such systems have two or more processors in close communication, sharing
the computer bus and sometimes the clock, memory, and peripheral devices.

Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems

1.Enhanced performance
2.Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently, increases the system's throughput without speeding up the
execution of a single task.
3.If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these subtasks can be executed in parallel in different
processors. Thereby speeding up the execution of single tasks.
5. Real-Time Operating System –
These types of OS serves the real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This
time interval is called response time.

Real-time operating system is designed for real-time applications, such as embedded systems, industrial robots, scientific
research equipment's and others. There are different types of operating systems in real time, such as soft real-time operating
systems and hard real-time operating systems.

Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:

1)Hard Real-Time Systems::(are used when there are time requirements are very strict like air traffic control systems, robots
etc.)
These OS are meant for the applications where time constraints are very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not
acceptable. The hard real time system is a purely time constant system. For a hard real time operating system, finishing the
tasks within deadline is very important for an efficient system performance.

For example, for a given input, if a user expects the output after 10seconds, then the system should process the input data
and give the output exactly after 10seconds. Here, the deadline is 10 seconds, and therefore, the system should not give
the output after 11th sec or 9th sec.
Therefore, the hard real-time systems are used in army and defense.
 2)Soft Real-Time Systems:(These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict. )
• or a soft real-time system, meeting the deadline is not mandatory for every task. Therefore, a soft real-time system can miss
the deadline by one or two seconds. However, if the system misses deadlines every time, this will degrade the system
performance.

Computers, audio and video systems are examples of soft real-time systems.

6. Network Operating System

• Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage data, user, groups, security,
application, and other networking functions.
• The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple
computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.
 Distributed Operating System

• It uses or runs on multiple independent processors (CPUs) to serve multiple users and multiple real-time applications. The
communication between processors is established through many communication lines such as telephone lines and high-speed
buses. The processors may differ from each other in terms of size and function.
• The availability of powerful microprocessor and advanced communication technology have made it possible to design,
develop, and use the distributed operating system. Besides this, it is an extension of a network operating system that supports a
high level of communication and integration of machines on the network.
Advantages of distributed operating system:
•Its performance is higher than a single system as resources are being shared.
•If one system stops working, malfunctions, or breaks down, other nodes are not affected.
•Additional resources can be added easily.
•Shared access to resources like printer can be established.
•Delay in processing is reduced to a greater extent.
•Data sharing or exchange speed is high, owing to the use of electronic mail.

Disadvantages of distributed operating system:

•Security issue may arise due to sharing of resources
•Few messages may be lost in the system
•Higher bandwidth is required in case of handling a large amount of data
•Overloading issue may arise
•The performance may be low
•The languages which are used to set up a distributed system are not well defined yet
•They are very costly, so they are not easily available.
7. Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power smartphones, tablets, and
wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.

Types: An operating system can be of many types. Such as:

(i) Single User Operating System : In this type of operating system only one user can work at a time. Example: Windows,
Macintosh.
(ii) Multi User Operating System: In this type of operating system more than one users can work at time. Example: Linux,
Solaris.
(iii)CUI Operating System: Where character is used as the input.
(iv)GUI Operating System: Where graphical interface is used.