UNIT-I

 History Of OS
1. Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage
2. The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early 1950s for their IBM 701
3. In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
4. In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
5. The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-DOS software
from a Seattle company
6. The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a GUI was created and
paired with MS-DOS.
The History of the Operating System is divided into four generations.
 First-generation of Operating System: UNIX Operating System
The UNIX Operating System was the first generation of modern computer operating systems. It was
designed in 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, a research division of AT&T
Corporation. UNIX was originally written in assembly language for the DEC PDP-11 minicomputer.The
first-generation operating systems were severely limited in their capabilities. They could only run on a
single type of computer, and they couldn’t multitask- meaning that users could only run one program at
a time. Additionally, these systems were not very user-friendly and required extensive technical
knowledge to operate.
 The second generation of Operating System: OS/360
The OS/360 operating system was developed in the early 1960s for IBM mainframes. It was a
comprehensive, multi-user, multitasking system that supported virtual memory and provided an
interface to a wide variety of peripherals.
Limitations of the Second generation of Operating System:
The second generation of the Operating systems was not very user-friendly and had a lot of limitations.
It was difficult to use, which is why it did not become popular. In this generation, UNIX was the most
popular operating system. Microsoft also came up with their own OS, which did not become very
popular.
 Third generation of Operating System: MS-DOS
Microsoft came up with their MS-DOS operating system in 1981. This was a single-user, single-tasking
operating system that ran on IBM personal computers. MS-DOS was based on the CP/M operating
system, which had been developed by Digital Research Inc.
 The fourth generation of Operating System: Windows
Microsoft released their first version of Windows, Windows NT, in 1993. This was a multi-user,
multitasking operating system that replaced MS-DOS on IBM personal computers. Windows NT was
based on the UNIX operating system and provided a graphical user interface (GUI) and support for
networking.
  Operating System

 It is system software. It manages all the resources of the computer. An operating system acts as an
interface between the software and different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The
operating system is designed in such a way that it can manage the overall resources and operations of
the computer.
 Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the operations of the
computer. It controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer,
which also includes application programs and other system software of the computer. Examples of
Operating Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.
 An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and
provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the most important type of
system software in a computer system.

 Functions of Operating System

 Process management: Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also provides
mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
 Memory management: Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-allocation
of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
 File management: It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval,
naming, sharing, and protection of files.
 Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also responsible for
this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the
devices.
 I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that
hardware devices from the user.
 Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes primary
storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or
cache so that a running program can reference it.
 Security: Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against malware
threat and authorized access.
 Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting system
resources to process that commands.
 Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory, hardware
devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the network.
 Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.
 Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another
software resource of the various users of the computer systems.
  Features of Operating Systems
 Here is a list of some important features of operating systems:
 Provides a platform for running applications
 Handles memory management and CPU scheduling
 Provides file system abstraction
 Provides networking support
 Provides security features
 Provides user interface
 Provides utilities and system services
 Supports application development

 Types of Operating system

1) Batch Operating system

In this technique, similar types of jobs were batched together and executed in time. People were used to having
a single computer which was called a mainframe.

In Batch operating system, access is given to more than one person; they submit their respective jobs to the
system for the execution.

The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis of first come first serve and then executes the jobs one by
one. The users collect their respective output when all the jobs get executed.

Advantages of Batch OS
o The use of a resident monitor improves computer efficiency as it eliminates CPU time between two jobs.
Disadvantages of Batch OS
1. Starvation
Batch processing suffers from starvation.
For Example:
There are five jobs J1, J2, J3, J4, and J5, present in the batch. If the execution time of J1 is very high, then the
other four jobs will never be executed, or they will have to wait for a very long time. Hence the other processes
get starved.

2. Not Interactive

Batch Processing is not suitable for jobs that are dependent on the user's input. If a job requires the input of two
numbers from the console, then it will never get it in the batch processing scenario since the user is not present
at the time of execution.

2)Multiprogramming Operating System

Multiprogramming is an extension to batch processing where the CPU is always kept busy. Each process needs
two types of system time: CPU time and IO time.

In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its I/O, The CPU can start the execution of other
processes. Therefore, multiprogramming improves the efficiency of the system.
Advantages of Multiprogramming OS

o Throughout the system, it increased as the CPU always had one program to execute.
o Response time can also be reduced.

Disadvantages of Multiprogramming OS

o Multiprogramming systems provide an environment in which various systems resources are used
efficiently, but they do not provide any user interaction with the comput

3) Multitasking Operating System

o
o The multitasking operating system is a logical extension of a multiprogramming system that
enables multiple programs simultaneously. It allows a user to perform more than one computer task at
the same time.

Advantages of Multitasking operating system

o This operating system is more suited to supporting multiple users simultaneously.

o The multitasking operating systems have well-defined memory management.

Disadvantages of Multitasking operating system

o The multiple processors are busier at the same time to complete any task in a multitasking environment,
so the CPU generates more heat.

4)Time-Sharing Operating System

In the Time Sharing operating system, computer resources are allocated in a time-dependent fashion to several
programs simultaneously. Thus it helps to provide a large number of user's direct access to the main computer.
It is a logical extension of multiprogramming. In time-sharing, the CPU is switched among multiple programs
given by different users on a scheduled basis.
A time-sharing operating system allows many users to be served simultaneously, so sophisticated CPU
scheduling schemes and Input/output management are required.

Time-sharing operating systems are very difficult and expensive to build.

Advantages of Time Sharing Operating System

o The time-sharing operating system provides effective utilization and sharing of resources.
o This system reduces CPU idle and response time.

Disadvantages of Time Sharing Operating System

o Data transmission rates are very high in comparison to other methods.

o Security and integrity of user programs loaded in memory and data need to be maintained as many users
access the system at the same time.

5)Real Time Operating System

In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which the job is supposed to be completed,
otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if the result is produced, it will be completely useless.
The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military applications, if you want to drop a missile,
then the missile is supposed to be dropped with a certain precision.

Advantages of Real-time operating system:

o Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time applications under the real-time operating system.
o In a Real-time operating system, the maximum utilization of devices and systems.

Disadvantages of Real-time operating system:

o Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.

o Real-time operating systems are very complex and can consume critical CPU cycles.

6)Distributed Operating System

The Distributed Operating system is not installed on a single machine, it is divided into parts, and these parts
are loaded on different machines. A part of the distributed Operating system is installed on each machine to
make their communication possible. Distributed Operating systems are much more complex, large, and
sophisticated than Network operating systems because they also have to take care of varying networking
protocols.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System
o The distributed operating system provides sharing of resources.
o This type of system is fault-tolerant.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

o Protocol overhead can dominate computation cost.

7)Network Operating System

An Operating system, which includes software and associated protocols to communicate with other computers
via a network conveniently and cost-effectively, is called Network Operating System.

Advantages of Network Operating System

o In this type of operating system, network traffic reduces due to the division between clients and the
server.
o This type of system is less expensive to set up and maintain.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System

o In this type of operating system, the failure of any node in a system affects the whole system.
o Security and performance are important issues. So trained network administrators are required for
network administration.

 System Software Types

System Software required to administer the resources of the computer system.

It is a collection of such files and utility programs that are responsible for running and smooth functioning
of your computer system with other hardware.

System software runs and functions internally with application software and hardware.

 Features of System Software

 It is very difficult to design system software.
 System software is responsible to directly connect the computer with hardware that enables the
computer to run.
 Difficulties in manipulation.
 It is smaller in size.
 System Software is difficult to understand.
 It is usually written in a low-level language.
 It must be as efficient as possible for the smooth functioning of the computer system.
  Types of System Software
1)Operating System

An Operating System is the most basic type of System Software that helps to manage computer hardware and
software. It is the central part of any computer system which is responsible for the smooth functioning of any
computer device.

An Operating system primarily operates your computer when you start it. If you haven't installed the operating
system on your computer, then you will not be able to start your computer. Some most common examples of
OS are macOS, Linux, Android, and Microsoft Windows.

An OS helps to control and make records of already executed programs in your computer, such as application
programs and other system software. The below-listed tasks are performed by an operating system:

1. An OS works as a file manager as It allocates resources to each task performed in your system.
2. It tracks the primary memory and allocates memory to process the request.
3. It works as processor management by allocating RAM to process and de-allocating when it no longer
exists.
4. It helps to prevent unauthorized access by encrypting password facilities.
5. It helps to schedule processes by means of scheduling algorithms.
6. It helps to activate all hardware parts of your computer by following the instruction given by end-users.
7. It facilitates users to access and use application software.
8. It enables you to access the network on your system.
9. It helps to control the improper use of your system and also prevents errors to run software on your
computer.
10. It controls all input and output devices such as monitors, keyboards, microphones, and scanners, etc.
11. It helps to detect and install new software. Further, it also helps in troubleshooting the errors during
installation.
12. It helps to link different parts of your system.

2) Programming Language Translators

Programming translators are the software that converts high-level language into machine language. A
computer can only understand the machine language or binary bits pattern, either 0 or 1. A CPU understands
this machine language that is not easy to understand by a normal human. Hence, First, the end-user interacts
with the computer in a high-level language like Java, Python, C, PHP, and C++, etc., then the translator
converts these languages into machine code.

A CPU or computer processor executes these machine codes into binary. It means any program written in a
high-level programming language must be converted into binary codes first. This entire process to convert high-
level language into machine code or binary codes are known as compilation.

Language translators are of mainly two types: Compiler and Interpreter.

A compiler is also a type of system software used to convert high-level programming languages into executable
machine codes or low-level programming languages. Similar to a compiler, an Interpreter is also used to
perform the same function. But the only difference is that compiler translates the whole program at once while
the interpreter converts each line individually.

Some tasks performed by programming language translators:

 o Translators provide diagnostic reports whenever the code rules don't meet the criteria.
o It helps to create a list of the program's source code and its detail.
o It helps to allocate the data.
o Translators help to detect syntax errors which help developers to make necessary changes easily.

Examples of computer program translators are compiler, interpreters, and assemblers.

3)Device Driver and It’s Purpose

 Device Driver in computing refers to a special kind of software program or a specific type of software
application which controls a specific hardware device that enables different hardware devices for
communication with the computer’s Operating System
A device driver communicates with the computer hardwares by computer subsystem or computer bus
connected to the hardware.
 Device Drivers are very essential for a computer system to work properly because without device driver
the particular hardware fails to work accordingly means it fails in doing a particular function/action for
which it has been created.
 In a very common way most term it as only a Driver also when someone says Hardware Driver that
also refers to this Device Driver.
 Device Drivers depend upon the Operating System’s instruction to access the device and performing any
particular action. After the action they also shows their reactions by delivering output or status/message
from hardware device to the Operating system.For Example a printer driver tells the printer in which
format to print after getting instruction from OS, similarly A sound card driver is there due to which 1’s
and 0’s data of MP3 file is converted to audio signals . Card reader, controller, modem, network card,
sound card, printer, video card, USB devices, RAM, Speakers etc need Device Drivers to operate.

4) Utility Software

 works as an interface between system software and application software. Utility software is a third-party
tool designed to reduce maintenance issues and detect errors in the computer system. It comes with the
operating system in your computer system.
 Here are some specific features of utility software:
 It helps users to protect against threats and viruses.
 It helps to reduce disk size such as WinRAR, WinZip.
 It works as a Windows Disk Management service and helps in a disk partition.
 It facilitates users to back up the old data and enhance the security of the system.
 It works as a de-fragmentation of a disk to organize the scattered files on the drive.
 It helps to recover the lost data.
 It helps to perform the antivirus and security software to maintain the security of the data in a computer
 5) Firmware Software

These are the operational software installed on the computer motherboards that help the operating
system to identify the Flash, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and memory chips.

However, the primary function of any firmware software is to manage and control all activities of
individual devices. Initially, it uses non-volatile chips for installation purposes, but later it gets installed
on the flash chips.

There are two main types of chips:

o BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip.

o UEFI (Unified Extended Firmware Interface) chips.

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) also works as a system program used for the booting process of the
system. First, it loads the OS into the main memory (RAM) of your system and then hands it over to the OS.
BIOS works as the substitute for the ROM chip; hence, it is called firmware software. However, the
firmware ROM is part of every motherboard component. The motherboard firmware activates all the
hardware components during the start of the computer system and ensures whether they are operational or
not. If they work properly, it starts the booting process to load the OS, and if any error occurs in the RAM,
then it denies the computer to boost.

A Firmware exists inside the devices while a device driver is installed in the operating system.

 Brief introduction to open-source OS

1)Linux Operating System

An operating system is as an interface among the computer hardware and the user of any computer. It is a group
of software that handles the resources of the computer hardware and facilitates basic services for computer
programs.

An operating system is an essential component of system software within a computer system. The primary aim
of an operating system is to provide a platform where a user can run any program conveniently or efficiently.

Linux OS is one of the famous versions of the UNIX OS. It is developed to provide a low-cost or free OS for
several personal computer system users.
Architecture of Linux system

1. Kernel:- The kernel is one of the core section of an operating system. It is responsible for each of the major
actions of the Linux OS. This operating system contains distinct types of modules and cooperates with
underlying hardware directly. The kernel facilitates required abstraction for hiding details of low-level hardware
or application programs to the system. There are some of the important kernel types which are mentioned
below:

o Monolithic Kernel
o Micro kernels
o Exo kernels
o Hybrid kernels

2. System Libraries:- These libraries can be specified as some special functions. These are applied for
implementing the operating system's functionality and don't need code access rights of the modules of kernel.

3. System Utility Programs:- It is responsible for doing specialized level and individual activities.

4. Hardware layer:- Linux operating system contains a hardware layer that consists of several peripheral
devices like CPU, HDD, and RAM.

5. Shell:- It is an interface among the kernel and user. It can afford the services of kernel. It can take commands
through the user and runs the functions of the kernel. The shell is available in distinct types of OSes. These
operating systems are categorized into two different types, which are the graphical shells and command-line
shells.
The graphical line shells facilitate the graphical user interface, while the command line shells facilitate the
command line interface. Thus, both of these shells implement operations. However, the graphical user interface
shells work slower as compared to the command-line interface shells.

There are a few types of these shells which are categorized as follows:

o Korn shell
o Bourne shell
o C shell
o POSIX shell

Linux Operating System Features

Some of the primary features of Linux OS are as follows:

1. Open Source-contribute,modify,distribute
2. Free-where proprietary software are costly
3. Security-spyware,torjan,adware, users get facility of authorization,authentication,encrption no antivirus
required
4. Light weight-size low 4GB to 8 GB ,support audio,video,graphics
5. Multi user and multiprogramming-memory,RAM ,application progrmas
6. Stability-it rarely slow downs or freezes ,no need to reboot frequently
7. GUI-by installing GUI package like Ubuntu
8. Performance-large number of people work simultaneously not get hanged
9. Portable-run on wide range of H/W,desktop computers,servers,super computers embedded devices
10. Software Update
11. Compatibility-with all device
12. Community Support-wide and active users, support through forum,mail etc
13. Flexibilty-Desktop,Embeded Applications and Servers

 Disadvantages
1. Harder Learning Curve
2. Hardware Drivers-not easily available
3. Limited Software availability
4. Limited Market share
5. Poor Support for Games
6. Lack of Technical Support-dependency on community like stackoverflow.Reddit etc.
7. No hibernation-powering down computer while retaining it’s state
8. Difficult to troubleshoot
  Applications of Linux Operating system

 Webservers
W3Cook releases stats that utilize the top 1,000,000 Alexa domains, which estimate that 96.55% of web
servers use Linux, 1.73% use Windows, and 1.72% use FreeBSD as of May 2015.
 Laptop sand desktops
As of May 2022, the estimated Linux market share is around 2.5% on desktop computers, according to
web server statistics. Microsoft Windows include a market share of approximately 75.5%, while macOS
has around 14.9%.
 Mobile devices
Android has become the leading OS for smartphones which is Linux kernel-based. In July 2022, 71.9%
of smartphones worldwide using the internet used Android. Also, Android is a famous OS for tablets,
being liable for more than 60% of table sales as of 2013.
 Film production
Linux has been the preferred platform in the film industry for years. The first big film released on a
Linux server was 1997's Titanic. Since then, big studios, including Industrial Light & Magic, Weta
Digital, Pixar, and DreamWorks Animation, have relocated to Linux.
 Government use
Linux distros have also got popularity in several national and local governments. Kerala has gone to the
mandating extent that every state high school use Linux on their systems. China utilizes Linux
exclusively as the OS for its Loongson processor family for achieving technology independence.
A few regions have integrated their Linux distribution in Spain, which is extensively used in official and
educational institutions. Also, Germany and France have taken steps toward Linux adoption. The Red
Star OS of North Korea is based on a Fedora Linux version developed since 2002.

Android Operating System

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source
software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is
developed by a partnership of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by
Google. It was disclosed in November 2007, with the first commercial Android device, the HTC Dream,
launched in September 2008.

It is free and open-source software. Its source code is Android Open Source Project (AOSP), primarily licensed
under the Apache License. However, most Android devices dispatch with additional proprietary software pre-
installed, mainly Google Mobile Services (GMS), including core apps such as Google Chrome, the digital
distribution platform Google Play and the associated Google Play Services development platform

.
Features of Android Operating System

1. Near Field Communication (NFC)

Most Android devices support NFC, which allows electronic devices to interact across short distances easily.
The main goal here is to create a payment option that is simpler than carrying cash or credit cards, and while the
market hasn't exploded as many experts had predicted, there may be an alternative in the works, in the form of
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

2. Infrared Transmission

The Android operating system supports a built-in infrared transmitter that allows you to use your phone or
tablet as a remote control.

3. Automation

The Tasker app allows control of app permissions and also automates them.

4. Wireless App Downloads

You can download apps on your PC by using the Android Market or third-party options like AppBrain. Then it
automatically syncs them to your Droid, and no plugging is required.

5. Storage and Battery Swap

Android phones also have unique hardware capabilities. Google's OS makes it possible to upgrade, replace, and
remove your battery that no longer holds a charge. In addition, Android phones come with SD card slots for
expandable storage.

6. Custom Home Screens

While it's possible to hack certain phones to customize the home screen, Android comes with this capability
from the get-go. Download a third-party launcher like Apex, Nova, and you can add gestures, new shortcuts, or
even performance enhancements for older-model devices.

7. Widgets

Apps are versatile, but sometimes you want information at a glance instead of having to open an app and wait
for it to load. Android widgets let you display just about any feature you choose on the home screen, including
weather apps, music widgets, or productivity tools that helpfully remind you of upcoming meetings or
approaching deadlines.

8. Custom ROMs

Because the Android operating system is open-source, developers can twist the current OS and build their
versions, which users can download and install in place of the stock OS. Some are filled with features, while
others change the look and feel of a device. Chances are, if there's a feature you want, someone has already built
a custom ROM for it.
Architecture of Android OS

1. Applications

An application is the top layer of the android architecture. The pre-installed applications like camera, gallery,
home, contacts, etc., and third-party applications downloaded from the play store like games, chat applications,
etc., will be installed on this layer.

It runs within the Android run time with the help of the classes and services provided by the application
framework.

2. Application framework

Application Framework provides several important classes used to create an Android application. It provides a
generic abstraction for hardware access and helps in managing the user interface with application resources.
Generally, it provides the services with the help of which we can create a particular class and make that class
helpful for the Applications creation.

It includes different types of services, such as activity manager, notification manager, view system, package
manager etc., which are helpful for the development of our application according to the prerequisite.
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to applications in the form of Java
classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in their applications. The Android
framework includes the following key services:

o Activity Manager: Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack.
o Content Providers: Allows applications to publish and share data with other applications.
o Resource Manager: Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as strings, colour settings
and user interface layouts.
o Notifications Manager: Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to the user.
o View System: An extensible set of views used to create application user interfaces.

3. Application runtime

Android Runtime environment contains components like core libraries and the Dalvik virtual machine (DVM).
It provides the base for the application framework and powers our application with the help of the core libraries.

Like Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a register-based virtual machine
designed and optimized for Android to ensure that a device can run multiple instances efficiently.

It depends on the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-level memory management. The core libraries
enable us to implement android applications using the standard JAVA or Kotlin programming languages.

4. Platform libraries

The Platform Libraries include various C/C++ core libraries and Java-based libraries such as Media, Graphics,
Surface Manager, OpenGL, etc., to support Android development.

o app: Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all Android applications.
o content: Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between applications and application
components.
o database: Used to access data published by content providers and includes SQLite database,
management classes.
o OpenGL: A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.
o os: Provides applications with access to standard operating system services, including messages, system
services and inter-process communication.
o text: Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
o view: The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.
o widget: A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons, labels, list views,
layout managers, radio buttons etc.
o WebKit: A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into applications.
o media: Media library provides support to play and record an audio and video format.
 o surface manager: It is responsible for managing access to the display subsystem.
o SQLite: It provides database support, and FreeType provides font support.
o SSL: Secure Sockets Layer is a security technology to establish an encrypted link between a web server
and a web browser.

5. Linux Kernel

Linux Kernel is the heart of the android architecture. It manages all the available drivers such as display,
camera, Bluetooth, audio, memory, etc., required during the runtime.

The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction layer between the device hardware and the other android
architecture components. It is responsible for the management of memory, power, devices etc. The features of
the Linux kernel are:

o Security: The Linux kernel handles the security between the application and the system.
o Memory Management: It efficiently handles memory management, thereby providing the freedom to
develop our apps.
o Process Management: It manages the process well, allocates resources to processes whenever they
need them.
o Network Stack: It effectively handles network communication.
o Driver Model: It ensures that the application works properly on the device and hardware manufacturers
responsible for building their drivers into the Linux build.

o Android Applications
o Android applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software
Development Kit. Once developed, Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out either
through a store such as Google Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile Store, Mobango, F-droid or the Amazon
Appstore.
o Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world.
It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast. Every day more than 1 million
new Android devices are activated worldwide.
o Android Emulator
o The Emulator is a new application in the Android operating system. The Emulator is a new prototype
used to develop and test android applications without using any physical device.
o The android emulator has all of the hardware and software features like mobile devices except phone
calls. It provides a variety of navigation and control keys. It also provides a screen to display your
application. The emulators utilize the android virtual device configurations. Once your application is
running on it, it can use services of the android platform to help other applications, access the network,
play audio, video, store, and retrieve the data.
Advantages of Android Operating System

We considered every one of the elements on which Android is better as thought about than different platforms.
Below are some important advantages of Android OS, such as:

o Android Google Developer: The greatest favourable position of Android is Google. Google claims an
android operating system. Google is a standout amongst the most trusted and rumoured item on the web.
The name Google gives trust to the clients to purchase Android gadgets.
o Android Users: Android is the most utilized versatile operating system. More than a billion individuals
clients utilize it. Android is likewise the quickest developing operating system in the world. Various
clients increment the number of applications and programming under the name of Android.
o Android Multitasking: The vast majority of us admire this component of Android. Clients can do
heaps of undertakings on the double. Clients can open a few applications on the double and oversee
them very. Android has incredible UI, which makes it simple for clients to do multitasking.
o Google Play Store App: The best part of Android is the accessibility of many applications. Google Play
store is accounted for as the world's largest mobile store. It has practically everything from motion
pictures to amusements and significantly more. These things can be effortlessly downloaded and gotten
to through an Android phone.
o Android Notification and Easy Access: Without much of a stretch, one can access their notice of any
SMS, messages, or approaches their home screen or the notice board of the android phone. The client
can view all the notifications on the top bar. Its UI makes it simple for the client to view more than 5
Android notices immediately.
o Android Widget: Android operating system has a lot of widgets. This gadget improves the client
encounter much and helps in doing multitasking. You can include any gadget relying on the component
you need on your home screen. You can see warnings, messages, and a great deal more use without
opening applications.

Disadvantages of Android Operating System

We know that the Android operating system has a considerable measure of interest for users nowadays. But at
the same time, it most likely has a few weaknesses. Below are the following disadvantages of the android
operating system, such as:

o Android Advertisement pop-ups: Applications are openly accessible in the Google play store. Yet,
these applications begin demonstrating tons of advertisements on the notification bar and over the
application. This promotion is extremely difficult and makes a massive issue in dealing with your
Android phone.
o Android require Gmail ID: You can't get to an Android gadget without your email ID or password.
Google ID is exceptionally valuable in opening Android phone bolts as well.
o Android Battery Drain: Android handset is considered a standout amongst the most battery devouring
operating systems. In the android operating system, many processes are running out of sight, which
brings about the draining of the battery. It is difficult to stop these applications as the lion's share of
them is system applications.
o Android Malware/Virus/Security: Android gadget is not viewed as protected when contrasted with
different applications. Hackers continue attempting to take your data. It is anything but difficult to target
any Android phone, and each day millions of attempts are done on Android phones.