Introduction to Operating System (OS)

By Prashant Kuleshwar
 What is an Operating System?
• Computer System = Hardware + Software
• Software = Application Software + System Software(OS)
• An Operating System is a system Software that acts as an
intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware.
• Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

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 The Structure of Computer Systems
 Accessing computer resources is divided into layers.
 Each layer is isolated and only interacts directly with the layer below or
above it.
 If we install a new hardware device
 No need to change anything about the user/applications.
 However, you do need to make changes to the operating system.
 You need to install the device drivers that the operating system will use
to control the new device.
 If we install a new software application
 No need to make any changes to your hardware.
 But we need to make sure the application is supported by the operating
system
 user will need to learn how to use the new application.
 If we change the operating system
 Need to make sure that both applications and hardware will compatible
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 Operating System Mode
 The User Mode is concerned with the actual
interface between the user and the system.
 It controls things like running applications
and accessing files.

 The Kernel Mode is concerned with everything

running in the background.
 It controls things like accessing system
resources, controlling hardware functions and
processing program instructions.
 System calls are used to change mode
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 History of Operating System
 The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
 No Operating System
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-boards to control
the machine’s basic functions.
 The Second Generation (1955-1965)
 First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
 Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
 Single-stream batch processing systems
 The Third Generation (1965-1980)
 Introduction of multiprogramming
 Development of Minicomputer
 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
 Development of PCs
 Birth of Windows/MaC OS
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 Types of Operating Systems
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):
• Batch Operating System
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS
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 1. Batch Operating System
• Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same
process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group.
• The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In this
type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch card and
submit it to the computer operator.

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 2. Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems:
Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use a
single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is shared among
multiple users is termed as time sharing.
3. Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is
very small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems
are the Real time OS example.
4. Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to
provide very fast computation to its users.
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 5. Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage
data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.

6. Mobile OS
• Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power
smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
• Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include
BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.

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 Popular types of OS
• Desktop Class
 Windows
 Mac OS X
 Unix/Linux
 Chrome OS
• Server Class
 Windows Server
 Mac OS X Server
 Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
 Android
 iOS
 Windows Phone
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 Desktop Class Operating Systems:-
• Platform: the hardware required to run a particular
operating system
– Intel platform (IBM-compatible)
• Windows
• DOS
• UNIX
• Linux
– Macintosh platform
• Mac OS

11 – iPad and iPhone platform

 Ms-DOS
• Single User Single Tasking OS.
• It had no built-in support for networking, and users had to manually install
drivers any time they added a new hardware component to their PC.
• DOS supports only 16-bit programs.
• Command line user interface.
• So, why is DOS still in use? Two reasons are its size and simplicity. It does
not require much memory or storage space for the system, and it docs not
require a powerful computer.

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 Microsoft Windows
• The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-platform desktop
and notebook computers.
• Best known, greatest selection of applications available.
• Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 8.1,10 and 11

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 Mac OS
• User-friendly, runs on Mac hardware. Many applications available.
• Current editions include: Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina & Big Sur—Version
XI(Released in Nov 2020)

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 Linux
• Linux: An open-source, cross-platform operating system that runs on
desktops, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones.
– The name Linux is a combination Linus (the first name of
the first developer) and UNIX (another operating system.
• Users are free to modify the code, improve it, and redistribute it,
• Developers are not allowed to charge money for the Linux kernel itself
(the main part of the operating system), but they can charge money for
distributions (distros for short).

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 Google Chrome OS
• Chrome OS. Is a popular thin client operating system.
• Thin client A computer with minimal hardware, designed for a specific task.
For example, a thin web client is designed for using the Internet.

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 Server Operating Systems
• Windows Server
– Familiar GUI interface for those experienced with Windows
• UNIX
– Very mature server capabilities, time-tested, large user
community, stable
• Linux
– Free, customizable, many free services and utilities available

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 Windows Server

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 UNIX

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 Tablet and Phone Operating Systems
• System-on-chip (SoC): An operating system that comes preinstalled on a
chip on a portable device such as a smartphone.
• Popular SoC operating systems:
 iOS: for iPad, iPhone
 Android: for a variety of tablets and phones
• Downloadable applications (apps) from an App store, for example:
 Apple App Store
 Google Play Store

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 iOS on the iPhone and iPad
• The Apple-created operating system for Apple tablets and phones.
• The current stable version, iOS 16, was released to the public on September,
2022.

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 Android
• Android, a popular OS for smartphones and tablets, is
based on Linux Kernel.
– Developed by Google
• Current versions include:
– Android 10
– Android 11
– Android 13 (latest version of Android,
released on August 15, 2022)

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 Functions of Operating System
Below are the main functions of Operating System:

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 In an operating system software performs each of the
function:
• Process management: Process management helps OS to
create and delete processes. It also provides mechanisms
for synchronization and communication among processes.
• Memory management: Memory management module
performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of
memory space to programs in need of this resources.
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 • File management: It manages all the file-related activities
such as organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing,
and protection of files.
• Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of
all devices. This module also responsible for this task is
known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of
allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
• I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any
OS is to hide the peculiarities of that hardware devices
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 • Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several
levels of storage which includes primary storage,
secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data
must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a
running program can reference it.
• Security: Security module protects the data and
information of a computer system against malware threat
and authorized access.

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 • Command interpretation: This module is interpreting
commands given by the and acting system resources to
process that commands.
• Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors
which do not share memory, hardware devices, or a clock.
The processors communicate with one another through the
network.

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 • Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used
by various job and users.
• Communication management: Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another software
resource of the various users of the computer systems.

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 Features of Operating System (OS)
Here is a list important features of OS:
• Protected and supervisor mode
• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection
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 Advantage of Operating System
• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction
• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware
components
• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware’s and software’s of the system

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 Disadvantages of Operating System
• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been
stored in your system
• Operating system’s software is quite expensive for small size organization
which adds burden on them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time

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