Unit – I

Operating System Basics

Prepared By
Lect. Anjana Nagaria
IT Department
GP-Rajkot
 Outline

1.1 What is Operating System?

1.2 Need of Operating System

1.3 Types of Operating System

1.4 Comparison between various Operating System

 Outline
1.5 Linux Operating System

1.5.1. History of Linux

1.5.2 Features of Linux

1.5.3 Architecture of Linux

1.5.3 Components of Linux

1.5.4 Distributions of Linux

 What is Operating System?
An operating system is a program that controls the execution of
application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and
services, such as memory, processors, devices, and information.

The operating system correspondingly includes programs to manage

these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, a memory
management module, I/O programs, and a file system.
 What is Operating System?
OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:

1) It controls the allocation and use of the computing System’s resources

among the various user and tasks.

2) It provides an interface between the computer hardware and the

programmer that simplifies and makes it feasible for coding, creation, and
debugging of application programs.
Where OS Stands in computer system??
Where OS Stands in computer system??
 History of Operating System

Generation Year Electronic device used Types of OS Device

First 1945-55 Vacuum Tubes Plug Boards

Second 1955-65 Transistors Batch Systems

Third 1965-80 Integrated Circuits(IC) Multiprogramming

Since
Fourth Large Scale Integration PC
1980
 Functions of Operating System
1. Process management:
Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also
provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication
among processes.
2. Memory management:
The memory management module performs the task of allocation
and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of these
resources.
3. File management:
It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
 Functions of Operating System

4. Device Management:
Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also
responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs
the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.

5. I/O System Management:

One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that
hardware device from the user.
 Functions of Operating System
6. Secondary-Storage Management:
Systems have several levels of storage which includees primary
storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data
must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a running
program can reference them.
7. Security:
Security module protects the data and information of a computer
system against malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation:
This module is interpreting commands given by the acting system
resources to process those commands.
 Functions of Operating System
8. Networking:
A distributed system is a group of processors that do not share a
memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate
with one another through the network.

10. Job Accounting:

Keeping track of time resources used by various jobs and users.

10. Communication management:

Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and other
software resources of the various users of the computer systems.
 Need of Operating System
• More than one program runs at a time in a computer, and all of them
require your computer's CPU and memory. The operating system
manages resources for all those programs. That is why the operating
system is required.

• Multitasking is a very critical feature of the OS. With its help, we can
run many programs simultaneously.

• The operating system provides a platform to run any application

program in the computer. Due to which we can do our work with the
help of that application.
 Need of Operating System
• It helps the user in file management. Through this, the user can save the
data according to his needs.

• You use your mouse to open the application and click on the menu. All
this is possible due to the modern operating system. This operating
system allows you to do this with the help of GUI (Graphical user
interface).
 Need of Operating System

• The operating system creates a communication link between the

user and the computer, allowing the user to run any application
program and obtain the required output properly.

• It is almost impossible for a user to use a computer system

without an operating system. Many processes run simultaneously
when a program is executed, which is not easy for a person to
manage.
 Types of Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

2. Multitasking/Time-Sharing OS
3. Multiprocessing OS
4. Real-Time OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Mobile OS
 Batch Operating System
→Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming.

→To speed up the same process, a job with similar types of needs is
batched together and run as a group.

→The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with

the computer.

→In this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline
device like a punch card, and submits it to the computer operator.
Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
→A time-sharing operating system enables people located at a
different terminal(shell) to use a single computer system at the same
time.

→The processor time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users

is termed as time sharing.
 Real time OS & Distributed OS
Real-time OS
A real-time operating system’s time interval to process and respond
to inputs is very small.
Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are
the Real-time OS example.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use many processors located in different
machines to provide very fast computation to their users.
 Network OS & Mobile OS
Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server.

It provides the capability to serve to manage data, users, groups,

security, application, and other networking functions.

Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS that is especially designed to
power smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
 Features of Operating System
• Protected and supervisor mode
• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking
Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection
 Advantages of OS
• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction
• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute
programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system
convenient to use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and
the hardware components
• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware’s and software’s of
the system
 Disadvantages of OS
• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which
have been stored in your system
• Operating system’s software is quite expensive for small size
organization which adds burden on them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time
 Comparison between various Operating System
Parameter Linux Windows
Cost Linux can be freely distributed, $119 - $199.99,
downloaded freely, $69 for students,
$99 to upgrade to pro
Developer Linus Torvalds and the Linux community. Microsoft
User Everyone. From home users to Everyone
developers and computer enthusiasts
alike.
Usage Linux can be installed on a wide variety On PC's desktops, laptops, servers
of computer hardware, ranging from and some phones.
mobile phones, tablet computers
and video game consoles, to mainframes
and supercomputers.
Parameter Linux Windows

File system Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs,, FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT
support FAT, FAT32, NTFS
BASH (Bourne Again SHell) is the Linux Windows uses a command shell
Text mode default shell. and each version of Windows has
interface It can support multiple command a single command interpreter with
interpreters. dos-like commands.
License GNU General Public License Proprietary
Update Many Windows Update, Microsoft
method Update, Microsoft Update Catalog
Available Multilingual Multilingual
language(s)
OS family GNU DOS
Programmed in C Assembly, C, C++