Developing Python Code for Static

and Modal Analysis of Plane Truss

Structure
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY
DUNGA DIVYA (317126520191)
GOLAKOTI SRI NETHIKONDA (318126520L49)
DEEPAK KUMAR BEHERA (317126520190)
PASUPULETI BHARGAVI SRI (317126520213)
DATLA SANTOSH SUNIL VARMA (317126520189)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. R. VARA PRASAD M.Tech (PhD)

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (A)

(Affiliated to Andhra University, Accredited By NBA and NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

SANGIVALASA, VISAKHAPATNAM (District) – 531162

2021
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express immensely our deep sense of gratitude Mr.R.Vara Prasad,asst

Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anil Neerukonda Institute of

Technology & Sciences, Sangivalasa, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

district for his valuable guidance and encouragement at every stage of the work

made it a successful fulfillment.

We were very thankful to Prof.T.V.HanumanthaRao, Principal and

Prof.B.NagaRaju, Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Anil

Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences for their valuable suggestions.

We express our sincere thanks to the members of non-teaching staff of Mechanical

Engineering for their kind co-operation and support to carry on work.

Last but not the least, we like to convey our thanks to all who have contributed either

directly or indirectly for the completion of our work.

DUNGA DIVYA (317126520191)

DEEPAK KUMAR BEHERA (317126520190)
GOLAKOTI SRI NETHIKONDA (318126520L49)
PASUPULETI BHARGAVI SRI (317126520213)
DATLA SANTOSH SUNIL VARMA (317126520189)
 ABSTRACT

Python is a high-sophisticated, general- purposefulness, object-oriented,

enhanced programming language that includes several general features like
clean, easy and simple language, indicative language, dynamically typed,
automatic memory management and interpreted and very best tool when
comparing with MATLAB because of various rich libraries. In various fields of
science, computational work and numerical calculations forms a bridge
between theory and experimentation which leads to developing automation and
simulation. Developing of automation or simulation has created several benefits
like quality, high production rate, efficient use of materials, increased safety
and decreases industry lead time. Therefore, the present work have been
investigated to develop Python code for automation in structural and
vibrational analysis of any Truss structure. In order to write python code,
Railway bridge truss structure was considered and the data was taken from
introduction to finite elements by chandrapatla. Fully working python code was
developed using jupyter notebook and python 3.9.10 and investigated nodal
displacements, element stresses, support reactions, free natural frequencies and
mode shapes. These results are compared using ANSYS APDL R21. Therefore,
using this developed python code, many researchers can do automation for
analysis of any truss structure at rocket speed.

Then Modal analysis of truss is to be done by running python script. For

validation purpose, the results obtained from python scripting are compared with the
results obtained from ANSYS software and MATLAB. Therefore this project is
going to show that Python is best suited for scientific applications when compared to
ANSYS and MATLAB
Keywords:. ANSYS APDL, Automation, Jupyter Notebook, MATLAB, Python,
Truss.
 CONTENTS

Para No Description Page No

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Scope and background 1

1.1 Introduction of truss 2

1.2 Types of truss 3
1.2.1 Pitched truss 3

1.2.2 Parallel truss3 3

1.3 Basic types of trusses 3
1.3.1 Warren truss 4
1.3.2 Octet truss 4
1.3.3 Pratt truss 4

1.3.4 Bowstring truss 5

1.3.5 King post truss 5
1.3.6 Lenticular truss 6
1.3.7 Town’s lattice truss 6
1.4 Elements of truss 7
1.5 Whats is FEA 7
1.6 Modal analysis 8
1.6.1 Benefits of model analysis 8
1.6.2 Terminology & concepts 8
1.6.3 Mode extraction 9
1.6.4 Mode expansion 9
1.6.5 Mode extraction methods 9
1.6.6 Modal analysis procedure 10

1.6.7 Other analysis options 11

1.7 Why python for scientific computering 12
1.7.1 Numerical python 12
1.7.2 Visualisation in python 13

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1.7.3 Numerical methods using python scipy 13

CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.0 Overview of the project 17

CHAPTER-III
ANALYSIS OF TRUSS USING ANSYS SOFTWARE 18
3.0 Ansys 18
3.1 Advantages 20
3.2 Problem statement 21
3.3 Structural analysis of truss 21
3.3.1 Nodal displacement results 35

3.3.2 Nodal stress results 36

3.3.3 Elementary stress results 36
3.4 Modal analysis of truss 37
3.4.1 Results of modal analysis 49

CHAPTER-IV
FEA ANALYSIS OF TRUSS STRUCTURE USING PYTHON 51
4.1 Need of python 51
4.1.1 Reasons for using python for scientific computing 53
4.1.2 Reasons for using python over mat lab 53
4.2 Methodology of implementing python for current project 53
4.2.1 Jupyter notebook 53
4.2.2 Python version 54

4.2.3 Python libraries 54

4.3 Developing python code for planer truss structure 55

4.3.1 Formulation of truss behind developing code for static analysis 55
4.3.2 Formulation of truss behind developing code for modal analysis 58
4.3.3 Problem data 58
4.3.4 Procedure for writing code 63

ii
 4.4 Python code for truss structure for static &dynamic analysis 64
4.5 How the python prints the results 75
CHAPTER-V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 97

5.1 Results 97
5.1.1 Results comparision for validadion between ansys apdl and pythoncode 98
5.1.2 Modal analysis using python code 101
5.2 Plotting mode shapes 101

CHAPTER-Ⅵ
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 120

CHAPTER-Ⅶ
REFERANCES 121

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Table Description Page No

1.1 Mode extraction method 9
4.1 Nodal coordinades 59
4.2 Element connectivity 60
4.3 Nodal supports 62
4.4 Nodal load 62
4.5 Material properties 63
5.1 Nodal displacement validation 98
5.2 Element stress validation 99
5.3 Reaction froces validation 100
5.4 Natural frequencies validation 101

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure description Page No

1.1 Warren truss 4
1.2 Octet truss 4
1.3 Pratt truss 5

1.4 Bowstring truss 5

1.5 King post truss 6

1.6 Lenticular truss 6

1.7 Town’s lattice truss 6
1.8 Element of truss 7

3.1 Railway bridge truss 21

3.2 Ansys file 22
3.3 Ansys processor 22
3.4 Ansys element type 23
3.5 Selection of link 180 element 23
3.6 Material in steel 24
3.7 Material property selection 24
3.8 Adding link section and link area 25
3.9 Creating truss nodes in active coordinate system 26
3.10 Creating truss elements in between two nodes 27
3.11 Railway bridge truss in ansys interface 28
3.12 Generate support reaction at nodes 28
3.13 Applying external loads on truss nodes 29
3.14 Truss diagram with external loads 30
3.15 Solving truss in current load step 30
3.16 Solution in current load step 31
3.17 Selection of style ,size & shape 31
3.18 Result viewer in ansys interface 32
3.19 Von mises stress 32
3.20 Deformed shape of truss 33

v
 3.21 Nodal displacement in x component 33
3.22 Nodal displacement in y component 34
3.23 Nodal displacement in z component 34
3.24 Nodal solution at global coordinate system 35
3.25 Ansys file 38
3.26 Ansys processor 38
3.27 Ansys element type 39
3.28 Selection of link 180 element 39
3.29 Material in steel 40
3.30 Material property selection 41
3.31 Adding link section and link area 41
3.32 Creating truss nodes in active coordinate system 43
3.33 Creating truss elements in between two nodes 43
3.34 Modal analysis selection 44
3.35 Modal extraction method 45
3.36 Options in modal analysis 45
3.37 Applied displacements on nodes 46
3.38 Solving truss in current load step 46
3.39 Solution in current load step 47
3.40 Natural frequencies at modes 48
3.41 Deformed shape of truss 49
4.1 Displacement of truss at nodes 56
4.2 Global displacement vector at nodes 56
4.3 Railway bridge truss 59
5.1 Deformation of truss in modal alaysis 98
5.2 Figures of mode shapes 102

vi
vii
 CHAPTER- I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 SCOPE AND BACKGROUND:
It is no secret that problems that were 10 years ago considered intractable except on
dedicated supercomputers, now routinely run on modest commodity personal
computers. However, it is not quite as well recognized that these advances have also
been accompanied by important changes in programming languages, all of which
aim at greatly reducing the effort of writing codes. Scientific applications are no
exceptions; many legacy programs written in Fortran, C or even C++ could
probably be rewritten in a more concise way using a variety of scripting languages,
such as Matlab, Scilab, IDL, Mathematica and others.
Scripting languages have several advantages over ‘conventional’ languages.
(1) scripting languages produce portable codes,
(2) require little or nor memory management responsibility by the programmer and
(3) allow data types to be dynamically set at run time.
All of these factors contribute to making codes less bug prone and so ultimately lead
to increased productivity and shorter code development cycles.
These advantages, unfortunately, have a price; scripting languages tend to be
inferior in raw numerical performance when benchmarked against compiled codes.
Our experience, however, has been that scripting languages, and in particular
Python, often perform above expectation, and are thus well positioned to find the
optimum between satisfactory execution time and acceptable program development
cost.
It is convenient here to distinguish between matrix oriented scripting languages
(Matlab, Scilab, IDL,...) geared towards engineering and scientific applications
from symbolic languages (Mathematica, Maple,...) that are strong in manipulating
mathematical expressions, and general purpose scripting languages (Python,
Perl,...). Although this distinction has become increasingly blurred, Matlab now
allows for some degree of abstract programming while Mathematica improved its
raw numerical performance, it is generally true that languages in group one are
superior in number crunching at the expense, perhaps, of limited programming
flexibility. Languages in group three on the other hand are traditionally used for

1
web programming, as substitutes to shell scripts, for text processing and the
production of graphical user interfaces. Python is one such language although one
could also claim that, thanks to the NumPy module extension, Python has some
overlap with languages in group one, too.
Although extremely useful for rapid prototyping, we have found that matrix oriented
languages are not always suitable for scientific applications. Many objects such as
trees, graphs and sparse matrices do not neatly fit into a matrix cast. In dealing with
unstructured meshes for instance, there can be an arbitrary number of connections
between a node and its neighbors, which may only be known at run time. These are
typical cases where Python nested structures are best suited. We have also found the
dictionary data type in Python, where values are accessed by keys, extremely useful.
Dictionaries (or hash tables) can grow dynamically during a calculation. Keys can
be (immutable) aggregate objects, including strings, integers, doubles, a list, or a
mixture of these. Finally, Python is unique in fully supporting (yet not enforcing)
object oriented programming. The usual arithmetic operators can be overloaded as
in C++. However, in addition to C++ the slicing operators such as a(n:m) (available
in Fortran 90 and Matlab) can also be overloaded.
In summary, Python contains features individually but not globally available in
Fortran 90, Java and C++.
It is for the above reasons that we have selected Python as the programming
scripting language for analysis of structural problems like plane truss structure.
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF TRUSS

A plane truss is defined as a two dimensional framework of straight prismatic

members connected at their ends by frictionless hinged joints, and subjected to
loads and reactions that act only at the joints and lie in the plane of the structure.
The members of a plane truss are subjected to axial compressive or tensile
forces.Trusses are widely used in bridges, buildings, and other infrastructures.
The function of a truss is to provide turgidity to the skeleton. A truss is an
assembly of metallic elements (bars, rods, pipes, etc). The elements of a truss are
interdependent and exert force on one another, to survive the external load and
burden. A truss is used instead of RCC and concrete beams. Trusses are of
different types with regard to their designs and shapes.

1.2 TYPES OF TRUSS

2
Basically, there are two types of the truss on the basis of their design and
working mechanism.

1. Pitched Truss
2. Parallel Truss

1.2.1 Pitched Truss

In pitched truss, the chord (upper stringer) and bottom (the lower stringer) are
not parallel. The chord of the truss is extended outward like an arch or a cone.
The extended chord of the truss provides extra strength to the truss. The pitched
trusses are used in constructing roofs of the buildings, especially in the area of
snowfall. The cone-shaped roofs do not allow the snowfall dump on the roof
while making the snowfall slip down from the edges of the roof.

1.2.2 Parallel Truss

A parallel truss is made up of the parallel chord and bottom. The chord and
bottom run straight in a parallel path. Both the stringers (chord and bottom) are
interconnected by means of struts (the connecting rods). If compared, the
pitched trusses are stronger than the parallel truss. A parallel truss is generally
used instead of girders and beams.

1.3 BASIC TYPES OF TRUSS

1. Warren Truss
2. Octet Truss
3. Prat Truss
4. Bowstring Truss
5. King post Truss
6. Lenticular Truss
7. Town’s Lattice Truss
8. Vierendeel Truss

1.3.1 Warren Truss:

It is a very simple type of trusses, in which the truss members form a series of
equilateral triangles. These are included in the category of the parallel truss.

3
 Fig 1.1 warren truss

1.3.2 Octet Truss:

In this type of trusses, the truss members are made up of all equivalent
equilateral triangles. This is a very complicated truss, in which each triangle is
associated with the other in multi-dimensions. This type of truss is strongest as
compared to the rest of the types. This type of trusses is designed with very high
skill and is very difficult to understand.

Fig 1.2 octet truss

1.3.3 Pratt Truss:

In 1844, the engineers of the Boston railway track designed it. Two types of
members are used in this truss. One is vertical and the other is a diagonal
member. The two types of members consecutively, follow one another. The
vertical members are for compression and the diagonal members are for
responding tension.

4
 Fig 1.3 pratt truss

1.3.4 Bowstring Truss:

Bowing Strings are used in this type of trusses. The bowstrings act as an arch.
These strings give extra turgidity to the truss. These were, first used in World
War II. The need for such type of trusses was felt, the curved roof of aircraft was
to be designed.

Fig 1.4 bowstring truss

1.3.5 King post Truss:

In this type of trusses, two angled members/struts support a vertical strut. It is

very simple to design but frequently used truss. In this design, the vertical
member/strut is called Kingpost.

Fig 1.5 king poss truss

5
1.3.6 Lenticular Truss:

Lenticular Truss was, first time used in the Gaunless Railway bridge of
Stockholm and Darlington in 1823. In this type the chord and the bottom, both
are arched and connect with each other at both ends.

Fig 1.6 lenticular truss

1.3.7 Town’s Lattice Truss:

In these trusses, the inclined members are used which cross over one another at
frequent points. An American architect “Itheal Town” designed it, this is why is
known after his name.

Fig 1.7 town’s lattice truss

1.4 ELEMENTS OF TRUSS

Almost all the trusses are made up of three fundamental components. The chord,
the bottom, and the members.
6
1. Upper stringer in a truss is called the chord.

2. The lower stringer of the truss is called the bottom.

3. Members, also called struts are the bars, rod, and strips that connect the chord
and bottom of the truss.

Fig 1.8 element of truss

1.5 WHAT IS FEA

Finite Element Analysis is a mathematical representation of a physical system

comprising a part/assembly (model), material properties, and applicable
boundary conditions {collectively referred to as pre-processing}, the solution of
that mathematical representation {solving}, and the study of results of that
solution {post-processing}. Simple shapes and simple problems can be, and
often are, done by hand. Most real world parts and assemblies are far too
complex to do accurately, let alone quickly, without use of a computer and
appropriate analysis software.

1.6 MODAL ANALYSIS

A technique used to determine a structure’s vibration characteristics: – Natural
frequencies – Mode shapes – Mode participation factors (how much a given
mode participates in a given direction). It is Most fundamental of all the
dynamic analysis types.

1.6.1 Benefits of modal analysis:

Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a specified

frequency (speakers, for example). Gives engineers an idea of how the design
will respond to different types of dynamic loads. Helps in calculating solution
controls (time steps, etc.) for other dynamic analyses. Recommendation:
7
Because a structure’s vibration characteristics determine how it responds to any
type of dynamic load, always perform a modal analysis first before trying any
other dynamic analysis.

1.6.2 Terminology & Concepts:

General equation of motion:

[M]{u} + [C]{u} + [K]{u} = {F( t)}

Assume free vibrations and ignore damping:

[M]{u} +[K]{u} = {0}

Assume harmonic motion ( i.e.u = Usin(ωt) )

([K] [M]){u} {0}

The roots of this equation are ωi2 , the eigenvalues, where i ranges from 1 to
number of DOF. Corresponding vectors are {u}i , the eigenvectors.

The square roots of the eigenvalues are ωi , the structure’s natural circular
frequencies (radians/sec). Natural frequencies fi are then calculated as fi = ωi /2π
(cycles/sec). It is the natural frequencies fi that are input by the user and output
by ANSYS.

The eigenvectors {u}i represent the mode shapes - the shape assumed by the
structure when vibrating at frequency fi .

1.6.3 Mode Extraction:

It is the term used to describe the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

1.6.4 Mode Expansion:

It has a dual meaning. For the reduced method, mode expansion means
calculating the full mode shapes from the reduced mode shapes. For all other
methods, mode expansion simply means writing mode shapes to the results file.

1.6.5 Mode Extraction Methods:

Several mode extraction methods are available in ANSYS:

Block Lanczos (default)

8
Subspace

PowerDynamics

Reduced

Unsymmetric

Damped (full)

QR Damped

Which method you choose depends primarily on the model size (relative to your
computer resources) and the particular application.

Table 1.1 mode extraction methods

Linear
Extraction Solver
method Used Remarks
Block Sparse Recommended for most
Lanczos Matrix applications; Most stable;
Same as subspace but with PCG
solver; Can
handle very large models; Lumped
mass only; May
miss modes; Modes cannot be used
in
Powerdynami PCG subsequent spectrum and PSD
cs solver analyses
In general fastest; Accuracy
depends on Master
DOF selection; Limitations similar
to Subspace;
Not recommended due to expertise
Frontal required in
Reduced Solver selecting Master DOF.

9
1.6.6 Modal Analysis Procedure:
Four main steps in a modal analysis:
Build the model
Choose analysis type and options
Apply boundary conditions and solve
Review results.
Build the model :
Remember density!
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.
Choose analysis type and options
Enter Solution and choose modal analysis.
Mode extraction options*
Mode expansion options*
Other options*
Mode extraction options
Method: Block Lanczos recommended for most applications.
Number of modes: Must be specified (except Reduced method).
Frequency range: Defaults to entire range, but can be limited to a desired range
(FREQB to FREQE). Specification of a frequency range requires additional
factorizations and it is typically faster to simply request a number of modes
which will overlap the desired range.
Normalization:
Only the shape of the DOF solution has real meaning. It is therefore customary
to normalize them for numerical efficiency or user convenience.
Modes are normalized either to the mass matrix or to a unit matrix (unity). –
Normalization to mass matrix is the default, and is required for a spectrum
analysis or if a subsequent mode superposition analysis is planned. – Choose
normalization to unity when you want to easily compare relative values of
displacements throughout the structure.
Modes normalized to unity cannot be used in subsequent mode superposition
analyses (transient, harmonic, spectrum or random vibration).
10
Mode expansion:
You need to expand mode shapes if you want to do any of the following:
Have element stresses calculated.
Do a subsequent spectrum or mode superposition analysis.
1.6.7 Other analysis options:
Lumped mass matrix – Mainly used for slender beams and thin shells, or for
wave propagation problems. – Automatically chosen for PowerDynamics
method.
Pre-stress effects – For Pre-stressed modal analysis (discussed later).
Full damping – Used only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen. –
Damping ratio, alpha damping, and beta damping are allowed. – BEAM4 and
PIPE16 also allow gyroscopic damping.
QR damping – All types of damping are allowed.
Apply boundary conditions and solve
Displacement constraints
External loads
However, ANSYS creates a load vector which you can use in a subsequent
mode superposition analysis.
Review results using POST1, the general postprocessor
List natural frequencies
View mode shapes
Review participation factors
Review modal stresses.
1.7 WHY PYTHON FOR SCENTIFIC COMPUTERING?
The design focus on the Python language is on productivity and code readability,
for example through:
• Interactive python console
• Very clear, readable syntax through whitespace indentation
• Strong introspection capabilities
• Full modularity, supporting hierarchical packages
• Exception-based error handling
11
• Dynamic data types & automatic memory management
As Python is an interpreted language, and it runs many times slower than
compiled code, one might ask why anybody should consider such a ’slow’
language for computer simulations?
1.7.1 Numerical Python:
The NumPy package (read as NUMericalPYthon) provides access to
• a new data structure called arrays which allow efficient vector and matrix
operations.
It also provides a number of linear algebra operations (such as solving of
systems of linear equations, computation of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues).
There are two other implementations that provide nearly the same functionality
as NumPy. These are called “Numeric” and “numarray”:
• Numeric was the first provision of a set of numerical methods (similar to
Matlab) for Python. It evolved from a PhD project.
• Numarray is a re-implementation of Numeric with certain improvements (but
for our purposes both Numeric and Numarray behave virtually identical).
• Early in 2006 it was decided to merge the best aspects of Numeric and
Numarray into the Scientific Python (scipy) package and to provide (a hopefully
“final”) array data type under the module name “NumPy”. We will use in the
following materials the “NumPy” package as provided by (new) SciPy.
If for some reason this doesn’t work for you, chances are that your SciPy is too
old. In that case, you will find that either “Numeric” or “numarray” is installed
and should provide nearly the same capabilities.
1.7.2 Visualisation in Python:
The Python library Matplotlib is a python 2D plotting library which produces
publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive
environments. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things
possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts,
errorcharts, scatterplots, etc, with just a few lines of code. For more detailed
information, check these links

12
• A very nice introduction in the object oriented Matplotlib interface, and
summary of all important ways of changing style, figure size, linewidth, etc.
This is a useful reference:
http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/raw.github.com/jrjohansson/scientific-python-
lectures/master/Lecture4-Matplotlib.ipynb
• Matplotlib tutorial http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/users/index.html
• Matplotlib home page http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net
• List of simple screenshot examples
http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/users/screenshots.html
• Extended thumbnail gallery of examples
http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/gallery.html
1.7.3 Numerical Methods using Python SciPy:
scipy package (SCIentificPYthon) which provides a multitude of numerical
algorithms
Many of the numerical algorithms available through scipy and numpy are
provided by established compiled libraries which are often written in Fortran or
C. They will thus execute much faster than pure Python code (which is
interpreted). As a rule of thumb, we expect compiled code to be two orders of
magnitude faster than pure Python code.

13
 CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Dorival et.al.,[1] investigated that the Generalized Finite Element Method

(GFEM) is a numerical method based on the Finite Element Method (FEM),
presenting as its main feature the possibility of improving the solution by means
of local enrichment functions. In spite of its advantages, the method demands a
complex data structure, which can be especially benefited by the Object-
Oriented Programming (OOP). Even though the OOP for the traditional FEM
has been extensively described in the technical literature, specific design issues
related to the GFEM are yet little discussed and not clearly defined. Inthe
present article it is described an Object-Oriented (OO) class design for the
GFEM, aiming to achieve a computational code that presents a flexible class
structure, circumventing the difficulties associated to the method characteristics.
The proposed design is evaluated by means of some numerical examples,
computed using a code implemented in Python programming language.

Aleveset.al.,[2]The objective computing project was created with the intention

of writing a fully interactive-adaptive finite element program using the object
oriented programming philosophy. In a first phase of the project, a graphical
environment was developed to simplify and generalize the interactive
programming concept. The resulting interface library gives the programmer easy
access to graphical user interface tools such as windows, menus and dialogs. In
order to improve programmer efficiency, the same interface library is being
implemented to run under various existing toolboxes such as Macintosh, MS-
Windows, OSF/Motif and others. During the second phase of the project, an
innovative finite element data structure is developed which will be used as a
finite element research platform

Bordaset.al.,[3]This paper presents and exercises a general structure for an

object‐oriented‐enriched finite element code. The programming environment
provides a robust tool for extended finite element (XFEM) computations and a
modular and extensible system. The programme structure has been designed to
meet all natural requirements for modularity, extensibility, and robustness. To
facilitate mesh–geometry interactions with hundreds of enrichment items, a
mesh generator and mesh database are included. The salient features of the
programme are: flexibility in the integration schemes (subtriangles,
14
subquadrilaterals, independent near‐tip, and discontinuous quadrature rules);
domain integral methods for homogeneous and bi‐material interface cracks
arbitrarily oriented with respect to the mesh; geometry is described and updated
by level sets, vector level sets or a standard method; standard and enriched
approximations are independent; enrichment detection schemes: topological,
geometrical, narrow‐band, etc.; multi‐material problem with an arbitrary number
of interfaces and slip‐interfaces; non‐linear material models such as J2 plasticity
with linear, isotropic and kinematic hardening. To illustrate the possible
applications of our paradigm, we present 2D linear elastic fracture mechanics for
hundreds of cracks with local near‐tip refinement, and crack propagation in two
dimensions as well as complex 3D industrial problems.

Duarteet.al.,[4]A new methodology to build discrete models of boundary-value

problems is presented. The h-pcloud method is applicable to arbitrary domains
and employs only a scattered set of nodes to build approximate solutions to
BVPs. This new method uses radial basis functions of varying size of supports
and with polynomialreproducing properties of arbitrary order. The
approximating properties of the h-p cloud functions are investigated in this
article and a several theorems concerning these properties are presented. Moving
least squares interpolants are used to build a partition of unity on the domain of
interest. These functions are then used to construct, at a very low cost, trial and
test functions for Galerkinapproximations. The method exhibits a very high rate
of convergence and has a greater -exibility than traditional h-p finite element
methods. Several numerical experiments in I-D and 2-D are also presented.

Tom et.al.,[5]Partial differential equations (PDEs)—such as the Navier–Stokes

equations in fluid mechanics, the Maxwell equations in electromagnetism, and
the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics—are the basic building blocks
of modern physics and engineering. The finite element method (FEM) is a
flexible computational technique for the discretization and solution of PDEs,
especially in the case of complex spatial domains. Conceptually, the FEM
transforms a time-independent (or temporally discretized) PDE into a system of
linear equations Ax= b. scikit-fem is a lightweight Python library for the
creation, or assembly, of the finite element matrix A and vector b. The user loads
a computational mesh, picks suitable basis functions, and provides the PDE’s
weak formulation (Logg, Mardal, Wells, & others, 2012). This results in sparse
matrices and vectors compatible with the SciPy (Virtanen et al., 2020)
ecosystem.

Cimrmanet.al.,[6]SfePy (simple finite elements in Python) is a software for

solving various kinds of problems described by partial differential equations in
one, two, or three spatial dimensions by the finite element method. Its source
code is mostly (85%) Python and relies on fast vectorized operations provided
by the NumPy package. For a particular problem, two interfaces can be used: a
declarative application programming interface (API), where problem
description/definition files (Python modules) are used to define a calculation,
15
and an imperative API, that can be used for interactive commands, or in scripts
and libraries. After outlining the SfePy package development, the paper
introduces its implementation, structure, and general features. The components
for defining a partial differential equation are described using an example of a
simple heat conduction problem. Specifically, the declarative API of SfePy is
presented in the example. To illustrate one of SfePy’s main assets, the
framework for implementing complex multiscale models based on the theory of
homogenization, an example of a two-scale piezoelastic model is presented,
showing both the mathematical description of the problem and the
corresponding code.

Hunter et.al.,[7]Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package for Python for application

development, interactive scripting, and publication-quality image generation
across user interfaces and operating systems.

2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

1. Doing model analysis for any structure is very difficult.

2. In this work, first we are going to investigate modal values for a plane truss
structure using ANSYS software.
3. Then we will develop Python scripting for getting model values.
4. For validation we will compare results obtained by python scripting and ANSYS
software.
5. If time persists we will compare with MATLAB to conclude that the Python
Scriptting is best tool for analysis of structural problems.

16
 CHAPTER-III

ANALYSIS OF TRUSS USING ANSYS SOFTWARE

3.0 ANSYS
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element modelling package for numerically
solving a wide variety of mechanical problems. These problems include:
static/dynamic structural analysis (both linear aswell as acoustic and electro-
magnetic problems.Ansys develops and markets engineering simulation
software for use across the product life cycle. Ansys Mechanical finite
element analysis software is used to simulate computer models of structures,
electronics, or machine components for analysing strength, toughness,
elasticity, temperature distribution, electromagnetism, fluid flow, and other
attributes. Ansys is used to determine how a product will function with
different specifications, without building test products or conducting crash
tests. For example , Ansys software may simulate how a bridge will hold
up after years of traffic, how to best process salmon in a cannery to
reduce waste, or how to design a slide that uses less material without
sacrificing safety.Typically Ansys users break down larger structures into
smallcomponents that are each modelled and tested individually.A user may
start by defining thedimensions of an object, and then adding weight, pressure,
temperature and other physical properties. Finally, the Ansys software simulates
and analyses movement, fatigue, fractures, fluid flow, temperature distribution,
electromagnetic efficiency and other effects over time.

17
Ansys also develops software for data management and backup, academic
research and teaching. Ansys software is sold on an annual subscription basis.
In general, a finite element solution may be broken into the following three
stages.This is a general guideline that can be used for setting up any finite
element analysis.
1. Preprocessing defining the problem ; The major steps in preprocessing
aregiven below:
→Define keypoints/lines/areas/volumes
→ Define element type and material/geometric properties
→ Mesh lines/areas/volumes as required
The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the
analysis (i.e. 1D, 2D, axi-symmetric, 3D).
Solution: assigning loads, constraints and solving here we specify the loads
(point or pressure), constraints (translational and rotational) and finally solve the
resulting set of equations.
2.Postprocessing processing further and viewing of the results in this stage
one
may wish to see:
→ Lists of nodal displacements
→ Element forces and moments
→Deflection plots
→Stress contour diagrams
ANSYS uses certain inputs and evaluates the product behaviour to the physics
that you are testing it in. It is a general purpose software used to simulate the
interactions between various physics like dynamics, statics, fluids,
electromagnetic, thermal, and vibrations. ANSYS typically creates the user an
opportunity to create a virtual environment to simulate the tests or working
conditions of the products before manufacturing the prototypes. This would
certainly reduce the cost of producing prototypes and mainly the time. In this
competitive world the accuracy and time are the most deciding factors for the

18
company or the organization to sustain. ANSYS helps in increasing the accuracy
and decreasing the time of outcome of the final product.

3.1 ADVANTAGES
1. ANSYS can import all kinds of CAD geometries (3D and 2D) from different
CAD software's like Design Modeler and Space Claim which makes the work
flow even smoother.
2. ANSYS has the capability of performing advanced engineering simulations
accurately and realistic in nature by its variety of contact algorithms, time
dependent simulations and non linear material models.
3. ANSYS has the capability of integrating various physics into one platform
and perform the analysis. Just like integrating a thermal analysis with
structural and integrating fluid flow analysis with thermal and structural,etc.,
4. ANSYS now has featured its development into a product called ANSYS
AIM, which is capable of performing multi physics simulation. It is a single
platform which can integrate all kinds of physics and perform simulations.
5. ANSYS has its own customization tool called ACT which uses python as a
background scripting language and used in creating customized user
required features in it.
6.ANSYS hasthe capability to optimize various features like the geometrical
design, boundary conditions and analyse the behaviour of the product under
various criterion's.

3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

19
 Fig 3.1 railway bridge truss
3.3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TRUSS

Software used:- ANSYS 2021 R1.

Presteps:-Simulation environment: ANSYS
File management :working directory:-C\ANSYS\TRUSS
Job Name:-TRUSS01< Run

Fig 3.2 ansys file

20
Step 1:-firstly, we click on Preferences in main menu and then we select the type
of analysis by choosing structural and proceed on by clicking Ok.

Fig 3.3 ansys preprocessor

Step 2:-Now considering preprocessor we select the Element type , and click on
Add/Edit/Delete. We add link and select Link 3D finitstn 180 as element type.

Fig 3.4 ansys element types

21
 Fig 3.5 selection of link 180 element
Step 3:-In this we choose the Material props and Select the available Material
models under StructuralLinearElasticIsotropic and click Ok.
We assign the material property values for the material 1. Ex= 200GPA
,PRXY=0.3  Ok
The material taken in steel

22
 Fig 3.6 material in steel

Fig 3.7 material property selection

Step 4:- We go toSections and under it we click on Link and then Add. We take
the add link section with ID as 1.
And , we name the section as ‘Rect’ and take the Link area as ‘3250’ and click
Ok.

23
 Fig 3.8 adding link section and link area
Step 5:-Now click on Modelling and select Create. We can see other functions
below, select Nodes and then click on InactiveCS. A window will appear as
shown in belowfig ,and we can choose the nodes and assign the values for the
nodes.
Node number 1 at X = 0 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 2 at X = 1800 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 3 at X = 3600 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 4 at X = 5400 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 5 at X = 7200 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 6 at X = 9000 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 7 at X = 10800 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 8 at X = 12600 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 9 at X = 14400 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 10 at X = 16200 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 11 at X = 18000 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 12 at X = 19800 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 13 at X = 21600 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 14 at X = 23400 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 15 at X = 25200 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 16 at X = 27000 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 17 at X = 28800 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 18 at X = 30600 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 19 at X = 32400 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply Ok

24
 Fig 3.9 creating truss nodes in active coordinating system

Step 6:-We click on Element tool and under that we click on Auto numbered
and below that we select Thru nodes and Select the nodes 1&2 and click on
Apply . In the same way we select thenodes 1&3 and click on Apply.
We Repeat the same procedure.

25
 Fig 3.10 creating truss elements in between two nodes
Step 7:-Now on the main menu we select ‘Loads’ and Define the loads and
click on Apply.Apply the‘Structural’ tool and select ‘Displacement’ and then
‘On nodes’. Now select node 1 and clickOk . A pop-up window opens , the
DOF’S needs to be constrained so we select All DOF’S and click Apply.
Then select node 7  Ok  UY  Ok.

Fig 3.11 railway bridge truss in ansys interface

26
 Fig 3.12 generate support reaction at nodes

Step 8:- Force / Moment  On nodes  Select Node 1  Ok  FY  -

280000  Apply.
Select node 3  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 5  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 7  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 9  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 11  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 13  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 15  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 17  Ok  FY  -210000  Apply.
Select node 19  Ok  FY  -360000  Apply  Ok.

27
Fig 3.13 applying external loads on truss nodes

Fig 3.14 truss diagram with external loads

28
Step 9:- In ‘Solution’menu , we click on ‘Solve’and below it select‘Current
LS’, a window will open showing solution options. Now press Ok to start the
Solution . it finally shows ‘Solution is done’ and then we ‘Close’.

Fig 3.15 solving truss in current load step

Fig 3.16 solution truss in current load step

29
Step 10:-In the above tool bar click on ‘Plot ctrlS’and select ‘Style’ in which we
aagain select ‘Size & Shape’ and finally Display of element is done and click
Ok.

Fig 3.17 selection of style,size &shape

Step 11:-We click on ‘Result viewer’ from menu and after that we chose a
result item and select ‘DOF solution’then we check the ‘Displacement vector
sum ‘ and finally Plot result.

Fig 3.18 result viewer in ansys interface

30
Step 12:-Here we check the Stress loading on the truss structure and then we
checkVon misses stress shown below and Plot the results.

Fig 3.19 von mises stress

Step 13:-General post proc  Plot results  Deformed shape
Def+Undeformed Ok.

Fig 3.20 deformed shape of truss

31
Step 14:-At last we select ‘List results’ and under that we click on ‘Reaction
solu’ which shows All items and total reaction solu listing and click Ok.Nodal

Fig 3.21 nodel displacement in x-componet

Fig 3.22 nodel displacement in y-component

32
 Fig 3.23 nodel displacement in z-component

Fig 3.24 nodel solution at global coordinate system

33
3.3.1 Nodal displacement results
PRINT U NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM

NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 80.572 -52.717 0.0000 96.286
3 2.6857 -103.88 0.0000 103.92
4 75.201 -150.40 0.0000 168.15
5 10.072 -192.65 0.0000 192.91
6 65.801 -227.92 0.0000 237.23
7 20.815 -257.00 0.0000 257.84
8 53.715 -277.54 0.0000 282.69
9 33.572 -290.72 0.0000 292.65
10 40.286 -294.59 0.0000 297.34
11 47.001 -290.72 0.0000 294.49
12 26.857 -277.54 0.0000 278.84
13 59.758 -257.00 0.0000 263.85
14 14.772 -227.92 0.0000 228.40
15 70.501 -192.65 0.0000 205.14
16 5.3715 -150.40 0.0000 150.49
17 77.887 -103.88 0.0000 129.84
18 0.79378E-012 -52.717 0.0000 52.717
19 80.572 0.0000 0.0000 80.572

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

NODE 2 10 0 10
VALUE 80.572 -294.59 0.0000 297.34
3.3.2 nodal stress results
PRINT S NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE

***** POST1 NODAL STRESS LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0

NODE S1 S2 S3 SINT SEQV

1 0.0000 0.0000 -74.615 74.615 74.615
2 0.0000 0.0000 -99.472 99.472 99.472
3 158.53 0.0000 0.0000 158.53 158.53
4 0.0000 0.0000 -205.16 205.16 205.16
5 270.44 0.0000 0.0000 270.44 270.44
34
 6 0.0000 0.0000 -298.42 298.42 298.42
7 345.05 0.0000 0.0000 345.05 345.05
8 0.0000 0.0000 -354.37 354.37 354.37
9 382.35 0.0000 0.0000 382.35 382.35
10 0.0000 0.0000 -373.02 373.02 373.02
11 382.35 0.0000 0.0000 382.35 382.35
12 0.0000 0.0000 -354.37 354.37 354.37
13 345.05 0.0000 0.0000 345.05 345.05
14 0.0000 0.0000 -298.42 298.42 298.42
15 270.44 0.0000 0.0000 270.44 270.44
16 0.0000 0.0000 -205.16 205.16 205.16
17 158.53 0.0000 0.0000 158.53 158.53
18 0.0000 0.0000 -99.472 99.472 99.472
19 0.0000 0.0000 -74.615 74.615 74.615

MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 1 1 10 1 1
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 -373.02 74.615 74.615

MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 9 1 3 9 9
VALUE 382.35 0.0000 0.0000 382.35 382.35
3.3.3 ELEMENTARY STRESS RESULTS
PRINT ELEMENT TABLE ITEMS PER ELEMENT
STAT ELEM CURRENT SAXL
1 149.21
2 410.32
3 596.83
4 708.74
5 746.04
6 708.74
7 596.83
8 410.32
9 149.21
10 -298.42
11 -522.23
12 -671.44
13 -746.04
14 -746.04
15 -671.44
16 -522.23
17 -298.42
18 -298.44
19 298.44
20 -223.83
21 223.83
22 -149.22
23 149.22
24 -74.610
25 74.610
26 0.0000
27 0.27756E-011

35
 28 74.610
29 -74.610
30 149.22
31 -149.22
32 223.83
33 -223.83
34 298.44
35 -298.44
MINUMUM VALUES
ELEM 13
VALUE -746.04
MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM 5
VALUE 746.04

3.4 MODAL ANALYSIS OF TRUSS

Software used:- ANSYS 2021 R1.

Presteps:-Simulation environment: ANSYS
File management :working directory:-C\ANSYS\TRUSS
Job Name:-TRUSS01< Run

Fig 3.25 ansys file

Step 1:-firstly, we click on Preferences in main menu and then we select the type
of analysis by choosing structural and proceed on by clicking Ok

36
.

Fig 3.26 ansys preprocessor

Step 2:-Now considering preprocessor we select the Element type , and click on
Add/Edit/Delete. We add link and select Link 3D finitstn 180 as element type.

Fig 3.27 ansys element types

37
 Fig 3.28 selection of link 180 element
Step 3:-In this we choose the Material props and Select the available Material
models under StructuralLinearElasticIsotropic and click Ok.
We assign the material property values for the material 1. Ex= 200GPA
,PRXY=0.3  Ok
The material taken in steel

Fig 3.29 material in steel

38
 Fig 3.30 material property selection
Step 4:- We go toSections and under it we click on Link and then Add. We take
the add link section with ID as 1.
And , we name the section as ‘Rect’ and take the Link area as ‘3250’ and click
Ok.

Fig 3.31 adding link section and link area

39
Step 5:-Now click on Modelling and select Create. We can see other functions
below, select Nodes and then click on InactiveCS. A window will appear as
shown in belowfig ,and we can choose the nodes and assign the values for the
nodes.
Node number 1 at X = 0 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 2 at X = 1800 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 3 at X = 3600 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 4 at X = 5400 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 5 at X = 7200 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 6 at X = 9000 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 7 at X = 10800 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 8 at X = 12600 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 9 at X = 14400 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 10 at X = 16200 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 11 at X = 18000 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 12 at X = 19800 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 13 at X = 21600 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 14 at X = 23400 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 15 at X = 25200 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 16 at X = 27000 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 17 at X = 28800 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 18 at X = 30600 , Y = 3118 , Z = 0  Apply
Node number 19 at X = 32400 , Y = 0 , Z = 0  Apply Ok

40
 Fig 3.32 creating truss nodes in active coordinating system
Step 6:-We click on Element tool and under that we click on Auto numbered
and below that we select Thru nodes and Select the nodes 1&2 and click on
Apply . In the same way we select thenodes 1&3 and click on Apply.
We Repeat the same procedure.

Fig 3.33 creating truss elements in between two nodes

41
Step-7:-Click on ‘Solution’ in main menu and select the ‘Analysis type’ as
‘New Analysis’ and then we select ‘modal’ and click Ok.

Fig 3.34 model analysis selection

Step-8:-Now we click on ‘Analysis option’ and then we select the mode
extraction method as ‘Block lanczos’ we assign tthe No of modes to extract as
40 and NMOD E no of modes to expand- as and click Ok.

Fig 3.35 modl extraction method

42
Step-9:-In this step we assign the value 0 for FREQB start Freq( initial shift)
and for FREQE End Freq as 0 and click on Ok.

Fig 3.36 options in model analysis

Step-10:-Now on the main menu we select ‘Loads’ and Define the loads and
click on Apply. Apply the ‘Structural’ tool and select ‘Displacement’ and then
‘On nodes’. Now select node 1 and click Ok . A pop-up window opens , the
DOF’S needs to be constrained so we select All DOF’S and click Apply.

Fig 3.37 apply displacements on nodes

43
Step-11:- In ‘Solution’ menu , we click on ‘Solve’ and below it select ‘Current
LS’ , a window will open showing solution options. Now press Ok to start the
Solution . it finally shows ‘Solution is done’ and then we ‘Close’.

Fig 3.38solving the truss in current load step

Fig 3.39 solution of truss in current load step

44
Step-12:-We click on General post proc and select ‘Read results’we see the
results ‘By pick’ and select 4result and click onClose.

Fig 3.40 natural frequencies at modes

Step- 13:-We click on Plot results and select Deformed shape after that we
again considerDef+Undeformedand click on Ok.
Step-14:-We read results By pic and select 5result and click ‘Close’.

45
Step-15:-We click on Plot results and select Deformed shape after that we
again consider Def+Undeformed and click on Ok.
Step-16:-Now we repeat the steps 14 and 15 for the nodes 6-40.
Step-17:-Click on plot ctrls and below it click on deformed shape and select
‘Animate’ and chose Mode shape. Now we give the animation data, No of
frames to create as 10 and Time delay(seconds) as 0.5 secs. We chose
acceleration type as linear . the nodal solution data is given by selecting ‘DOF
solution’ and then click on deformed shape and click Ok.

Fig 3.41 deformed shape of truss

3.4.1 REULTS OF MODAL ANALYSIS
***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE *****

SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE

1 0.0000 1 1 1

2 0.0000 1 2 2

3 0.0000 1 3 3

4 0.0000 1 4 4

5 0.0000 1 5 5

46
6 0.23237E-07 1 6 6

7 0.76996E-02 1 7 7

8 0.22980E-01 1 8 8

9 0.29891E-01 1 9 9

10 0.53372E-01 1 10 10

11 0.75282E-01 1 11 11

12 0.84342E-01 1 12 12

13 0.11409 1 13 13

14 0.12950 1 14 14

15 0.14925 1 15 15

16 0.17973 1 16 16

17 0.18595 1 17 17

18 0.20085 1 18 18

19 0.21743 1 19 19

20 0.22183 1 20 20

21 0.23885 1 21 21

22 0.25510 1 22 22

23 0.25818 1 23 23
47
24 0.27867 1 24 24

25 0.28256 1 25 25

26 0.29536 1 26 26

27 0.30313 1 27 27

28 0.33320 1 28 28

29 0.33579 1 29 29

30 0.33893 1 30 30

31 0.34431 1 31 31

32 0.35306 1 32 32

33 0.36434 1 33 33

34 0.37680 1 34 34

35 0.39635 1 35 35

36 0.42150 1 36 36

37 0.43633 1 37 37

38 0.45981 1 38 38

39 0.47060 1 39 39

40 0.48353 1 40 40

48
 CHAPTER – Ⅳ

FEA ANALYSIS OF TRUSS STRUCTURE USING PYTHON.

4.1 NEED OF PYTHON

Science has basically been divided into theoretical and experimental disciplines, but
during the last several decades computing has emerged as an important part of science.
Scientific computing is closely based to theory, but it has many characteristics in
common with experimental work. It is therefore often viewed as a new third branch of
science. In most fields of science, computational work is a very important complement
to both theory as well as experiments, and nowadays a large majority of both
theoretical and experimental papers involve some numerical calculations, computer
modeling or simulations. In theoretical and experimental sciences there are good
established codes of conducts for how methods as well as results are published and
made available to other scientists. For example, in theoretical sciences, derivations,
proofs as well as results are published in full detail and in experimental sciences, the
methods used as well as results are published. In computational sciences there are not
yet any well established guidelines for how source code as well as generated data
should be handled. For example, it is relatively rare that source code used in
simulations for published papers are provided to readers, in contrast to the open
nature of theoretical and experimental work. It is not uncommon that source code for
simulation software is withheld as well as considered a competitive advantage. So, this
problem has recently started to attract increasing attention, as well as a number of
editorials in high-profile journals have called for increased openness in computational
sciences. Some journals, including Science, have even started to demand of authors to
provide the source code for simulation software used in publications to readers upon
request. Replication (An author of a scientific paper that involves numerical calculations
should be able to rerun the simulations as well as replicate the results upon request
and other scientist should also be able to perform the same calculations as well as
obtain the same results, given the information about the methods used in a
publication.) and reproducibility (The results obtained from numerical simulations
should be reproducible with an independent implementation of the method.) are two
of the cornerstones in the scientific method. In short summary, a sound scientific result
should be reproducible, as well as a sound scientific study should be replicable.
Ensuring replicability as well as reproducibility of scientific simulations is a complicated
problem, but there are some good tools to help with this such as Revision Control
System (RCS) software (git, mercurial (hg) and subversion (svn)) as well as online
repositories for source code, that available as both public and private repositories
(GitHub, Bit bucket and Privately hosted repositories). Python is a modern, general-
purpose, object-oriented, high-level programming language that includes some general
49
 characteristics like clean and simple language, expressive language, dynamically typed,
automatic memory management and interpreted. The main advantage is ease of
programming, minimizing the time required to develop, debug, maintain the code,
modular, object-oriented programming, good system for packaging, re-use of code,
documentation tightly integrated with the code, large standard library, and a large
collection of add-on packages. Python has a strong position in scientific computing
because it contains extensive ecosystem of scientific libraries as well as environments
like numpy, scipy, matplotlib etc. Python supports for parallel processing with
processes and threads, Interprocess communication as well as GPU computing and
suitable for use on high-performance computing clusters.

4.1.1 Reasons for using Python for Scientific Computing

o Clear, readable syntax through whitespace indentation
o Interactive python console
o Strong introspection capabilities
o Full modularity, supporting hierarchical packages
o Exception-based error handling
o Dynamic data types & automatic memory management
4.1.2 Reasons for using Python over MATLAB
o Python packages can do similarly everything Matlab can do for signal
processing.
o Python is free and open source but Matlab is a closed-source commercial
product.
o Python is a general-purpose language but Matlab is purely for scientific
computing.
o Python is high level, easy to learn, and so many cool features.
o The demand for Python programmers is increasing Matlab is quite expensive,
that means that code that is written in Matlab can only be used by people with
sufficient funds to buy a license.
o Python contains great libraries, and yet more external libraries are being
developed by Python programmers, scientists, mathematicians, and engineers.
o Similar every programming language other than Matlab, Python uses zero-
based indexing.
o Python code tends to be more compact as well as more readable than Matlab
code.
o OOP in Python is simple and elegant, that offers flexibility but Matlab's OOP
scheme is complex and confusing.
o Python offers a wider set of choices in graphics packages and toolsets as well as
easily integrates better with other languages.

50
4.2 Methodology of Implementing Python for current Project
4.2.1 Jupyter Notebook
o Jupyter Notebook (open source code), which began as the iPython
Notebook project, is a development environment for writing and
executing Python code. Jupyter Notebook is often used for
exploratory data analysis and visualization.
o Project Jupyter is the top-level project name for all of the subprojects
under development, which includes Jupyter Notebook. Jupyter Notebooks
can also run code for other programming languages such as Julia and R.
o The key piece of Jupyter Notebook infrastructure is a web application that
runs locally for creating and sharing documents that contain embedded
code and execution results.
o IPython Notebook was the original project that proved that there was
great demand among data scientists and programmers for an interactive,
repeatable development environment. Jupyter Notebook became the new
official name for the overall project during The Big Split after the IPython
Notebook project matured into distinct submodules such as the interactive
shell, notebook document format and user interface widgets tools.
However, the IPython Notebook name sticks around as the Python
backend for Jupyter Notebook which is seriously confusing if you are
searching the internet and come across both current and old articles that
use all of these names interchangeably.
4.2.2 Python Version
For this current project we used python 3.9.5 version for developing code. Python
is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level
data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented
programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its
interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application
development in many areas on most platforms.
4.2.3 Python Libraries
A library is a collection of pre-combined codes that can be used iteratively to
reduce the time required to code. They are particularly useful for accessing
the pre-written frequently used codes, instead of writing them from scratch
every single time. Similar to the physical libraries, these are a collection of
reusable resources, which means every library has a root source. This is the
foundation behind the numerous open-source libraries available in
Python. There are many libraries but we are listing the libraries which we
used during this current project.
o NumPy : NumPy is the basic package for scientific computing in Python
that provides multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, broadcasting
51
 functions, tools for integrating C/C++, Fortran code, mathematical,
logical, shape manipulation, sorting, selecting, I/O, useful linear algebra,
Fourier transform, random number capabilities, basic statistical operations
and much more. NumPy can be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data and it is licensed under the BSD license.
o SciPy library : SciPy library is one of the core packages used by
scientists, analysts, and engineers that provides many user-friendly and
efficient numerical routines such as routines for numerical integration,
optimization, linear algebra, integration, interpolation, special functions,
FFT, signal and image processing. SciPy builds on the NumPy array
object as well as is part of the NumPy stack that includes tools like
Matplotlib, pandas and SymPy. The SciPy library is currently distributed
under the BSD license, as well as its development is supported and
sponsored by an open community of developers. It is also supported by
Numfocus that is a community foundation for supporting reproducible
and accessible science.
o Matplotlib : Matplotlib is a 2D plotting library for the Python
programming language that produces publication quality figures in a
variety of hardcopy formats as well as
o interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib tries to make easy
things easy as well as hard things possible and provides an object-oriented
API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI
toolkits such as wxPython, Qt, or GTK+. Matplotlib was mainly written
by John D. Hunter, has an active development community, and is
distributed under a BSD-style license.

4.3 Developing Python code for planar truss structure:

Our project is to develop full working code for any type of truss structure for fea
analysis. Inorder to develop pythode code using jupyter Notebook we considered
Railway Bridge problem from the text book of Introduction to finite elements in
Engineering by Tirupathi R. Chandrapatla and Ashok D Belugundu.
4.3.1 Formulation of Truss behind developing code for static analysis
There are two joints for an arbitrarily inclined single truss element (at an angle q ,
positive counter-clockwise from +ve x- axis). For each joint i, there are two degrees
of freedom, i.e.,a joint can have horizontal displacement u(i) and vertical
displacement v(i) . Hence, for a single truss element, there are 4 degrees of freedom.
The nodal displacement degrees of freedom and the nodal force de grees of freedom
are shown in the following figgure.

52
 Fig 4.1 displacement of truss at nodes
Note that the deformations occurring in the truss members are so small that they are
only axial. The axial displacement of the truss can be resolved along horizontal x-
axis and vertical y-axis. But in our derivation, let us resolve the horizontal and
vertical displacements (in xy-axes) of a joint along and perpendicular to the truss
member (in x’y-axes). Refer to the Figure in the next page. Note ui sinq component
acting towards negative y -direction and all other components acting towards in +ve
x - and y -directions.

Fig 4.2 global displacement vector at nodes

The above equations can be written in the matrix form as follows

53
{u¢}=[T ]{u}
where [T]is the transformation matrix It is important to note that the
displacements v ¢(i) and v(i) are both zero since there can be no displacements
perpendicular to the length of the member. Also [T ]-1 =[T ]T
Similarly, we resolve forces along the length of the member (positive x direction)
and perpendicular to the length of the member (positive y direction)

{F '}=[T ]{F }
where [T]is the transformation matrix
The arbitrarily inclined truss member can be thought of as a simple bar element
oriented at the same angle q . Hence, we can write the finite element equation for this
inclined bar element (in x¢ycoordinate system) as

Substituting {F ¢}and {u¢}from the previous equations, we can write

[T ]{F }=[k¢][T ]{u}

Pre-multiplying the above equation by [T]-1 ,

[T ]-1 [T ]{F}=[T ]-1[k¢][T]{u}

54
 But [T ]-1 [T]=1 and the above equation can be written as

{F }=[k]{u} where [k] [=T]-1 [k¢][T]

Carrying out the matrix multiplication for [k , we obtain

where c =cos2 q and s =sin2 q .

Computation of strain and stress in the truss element
The change in length of the truss member is equal to the change in axial
displacement of the truss member in the x¢yco-ordinate system

4.3.2 Formulation of Truss behind developing code for Modal analysis

The goal of modal analysis in structural mechanics is to determine the natural mode
shapes and frequencies of an object or structure during free vibration. It is common to
use the finite element method (FEM) to perform this analysis because, like other

55
calculations using the FEM, the object being analyzed can have arbitrary shape and the
results of the calculations are acceptable. The types of equations which arise from modal
analysis are those seen in eigensystems. The physical interpretation of
the eigenvalues and eigenvectors which come from solving the system are that they
represent the frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Sometimes, the only desired
modes are the lowest frequencies because they can be the most prominent modes at
which the object will vibrate, dominating all the higher frequency modes.
It is also possible to test a physical object to determine its natural frequencies and mode
shapes. This is called an Experimental Modal Analysis. The results of the physical test
can be used to calibrate a finite element model to determine if the underlying
assumptions made were correct (for example, correct material properties and boundary
conditions were used).

4.3.3 Problem Data

The fig shows the Railway Bridge Structure having 19 nodes and 35 elements
with equal spacing.

Fig 4.3 railway bridge truss

Table 4.1 Nodal coordinates:

Node X(mm) Y(mm)

1 0 0

2 1800 3118

56
3 3600 0

4 5400 3118

5 7200 0

6 9000 3118

7 10800 0

8 12600 3118

9 14400 0

10 16200 3118

11 18000 0

12 19800 3118

13 21600 0

14 23400 3118

15 25200 0

16 27000 3118

17 28800 0

18 30600 3118

19 32400 0

Table 4.2 Element connectivity:

Element Starting Node Ending Node

1 1 3

2 3 5

3 5 7

4 7 9

57
5 9 11

6 11 13

7 13 15

8 15 17

9 17 19

10 2 4

11 4 6

12 6 8

13 8 10

14 10 12

15 12 14

16 14 16

17 16 18

18 1 2

19 2 3

20 3 4

21 4 5

22 5 6

23 6 7

24 7 8

25 8 9

26 9 10

27 10 11

28 11 12

58
29 12 13

30 13 14

31 14 15

32 15 16

33 16 17

34 17 18

35 18 19

Table 4.3 Nodal Supports:

Node Number Having Support Type of Support Condition

1 Hinged Support

19 Horizontal Roller Support

Table 4.4 Nodal Load:

Node Number having Horizontal Load Fx (N) Vertical Load Fy (N)

Loads

1 0 -280000

3 0 -210000

5 0 -210000

7 0 -210000

9 0 -210000

11 0 -210000

13 0 -210000

15 0 -210000

17 0 -210000

59
19 0 -360000

Table 4.5 Material Properties:

Meterial Used Structural Steel

Modulus of Elasticity 2e5 N/mm2

Cross sectional Area of element 3250 mm2

Density 0.00785 gm/mm3

Poisson's ratio 0.3

4.3.4 Procedure for writing Code

After installing python and Jupyter notebook and import all required libraries for
the project. This code contains two parts. 1 st part is static analysis for finding
nodal displacements, element stresses and support reactions. 2nd part is dynamic
analysis for finding natural frequencies and Modal shapes for the truss structure.
The following procedure is adopted for developing code for all truss structures.
o This code is written in Jupyter notebook and can run in any python3
version and this folder is saved as Project2021 and file as
projectcode.ipynb.
o First import all libraries.
o Creating input data for entering all information regarding particular truss
structure.
o Creating Transformation Matrix to find direction cosines length of
element.
o Formulating element stiffness matrix, element mass matrix
o Assembling Global stiffness Matrix, Global Mass Matrix and Global load
vector.
o Finding reduced global stiffness matrix, reduced global mass matix and
reduced load vector.
o Applying Boundary conditions using gauss elimination method and find
nodal displacements, element stresses and support reactions.
o Next creating equations of motion for undamped free linear vibrations to
calculate eigen values and eigen vectors using inverse iteraton method.
o After inputing the data, run the code then the results are printed within
seconds.

60
4.4 Python code for truss structure for Static and Dynamic Analysis
# importing libraries
import math
import matplotlib.pyplot as plot
import numpy as np
# creating path for a file
file = open(r"D:\Remo desktop\PhD work\Python Project 2021\out.txt","w+")
# creating input data and print
noofnodes=int(input("enter the total number of nodes"))
file.write("the total number of nodes= "+str(noofnodes)+ '\n')
noofelements=int(input("enter the total number of elements"))
file.write("the total number of elements= "+str(noofelements)+ '\n')
coordinates={}
for i in range(1,noofnodes+1):
coordinates[i]=list(map(int,input("enter coordinates for node "+ str(i)+ ' in mm
:').split(",")))
file.write('coordinates for node' + str(i)+ 'in mm : '+ str(coordinates[i])+ '\n')
area=float(input("enter area in mm-square"))
file.write("area in mm-square= "+str(area)+ '\n')
elasticity=float(input("enter the modulus of elasticity in N/mm-square"))
file.write("modulus of elasticity in N/mm-square= "+str(elasticity)+ '\n')
startend={}
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):
startend[i]=list(map(int,input("enter the start node and end node for element "+
str(i)+ ' :').split(",")))
file.write('the start node and end node for element '+ str(i)+ ' :'+str(startend[i])+ '\n')
noofsuppnodes=int(input("enter the total number of nodes having supports"))
file.write('the total number of nodes having supports '+str(noofsuppnodes)+ '\n')
nodesandtypesupport=[]
for i in range(noofsuppnodes):
x=int(input("enter the node number having support"))
print("enter the type of support")
print("h for hinged/fixed")
print("hrs for horizontal roller support")
print("vrs for vertical roller support")
t=input()
file.write('the node number having support is '+str(x)+' type of support is '+t+ '\n')

61
 nodesandtypesupport.append([x,t.lower()])
print(nodesandtypesupport)
noofloadnodes=int(input("enter total number of loaded nodes "))
file.write('total number of loaded nodes '+str(noofloadnodes)+ '\n')
loadnodes=[]
typeofload={}
for i in range(noofloadnodes):
x=int(input("enter the node number having load "))
loadnodes.append(x)
typeofload[x]=list(map(float,input('enter the horizontal and vertical loads in N
').split(',')))
file.write('the node number having load is '+str(x)+' horizontal and vertical
loads in N is '+str(typeofload[x])+ '\n')
density=float(input("enter density in gm/mm-cube "))
poission=float(input("enter poission's ratio "))
file.write('density in gm/mm-cube is '+str(density)+ '\n')
file.write('poissions ratio is '+str(poission)+ '\n')
# calculating length of element direction cosines
lengthofelements={}
cos={}
sin={}
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):
x,y=startend[i][0],startend[i][1]
a,b=coordinates[x][0],coordinates[x][1]
c,d=coordinates[y][0],coordinates[y][1]
l=math.sqrt((d-b)**2+(c-a)**2)
lengthofelements[i]=l
cos[i]=(c-a)/l
sin[i]=(d-b)/l
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):

print("length of elements "+str(i)+": ",lengthofelements[i])

print("cos value of elements "+str(i)+": ",cos[i])
print("sin value of elements "+str(i)+": ",sin[i])
# calculating element stiffness matrix and element mass matrix
stiffness={}
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):
l=cos[i]
m=sin[i]
62
 mat=[[l**2,l*m,-l**2,-l*m],[l*m,m**2,-l*m,-m**2],[-l**2,-l*m,l**2,l*m],[-l*m,-
m**2,l*m,m**2]]
a=(area*elasticity)/lengthofelements[i]
for j in range(4):
for k in range(4):
mat[j][k]=a*mat[j][k]
print("stiffness matrix of element "+str(i))
for j in range(4):
for k in range(4):
print(mat[j][k],end=' ')
print()
print()
print()
stiffness[i]=mat
mass={}
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):

mat=[[2,0,1,0],[0,2,0,1],[1,0,2,0],[0,1,0,2]]
a=(area*density*lengthofelements[i])/6
for j in range(4):
for k in range(4):
mat[j][k]=a*mat[j][k]
print("mass matrix of element "+str(i))
for j in range(4):
for k in range(4):
print(mat[j][k],end=' ')
print()
print()
print()
mass[i]=mat
# calculating Global Stiffness matrix and global mass matrix
ndof = noofnodes * 2
print(ndof)
globstifmat=[]
for i in range(ndof):
globstifmat.append([0]*ndof)
x=0
asinode={}
for i in range(1,noofnodes+1):
asinode[i]=[x,x+1]
63
 x+=2
e=startend
n=asinode
d={}
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):
x=[]
p=e[i]
q=p[0]
r=p[1]
x.extend([n[q][0],n[q][1],n[r][0],n[r][1]])
d[i]=x
print(d)
for i in range(ndof):
for j in range(ndof):
s=0
for k in d:
if(i in d[k] and j in d[k]):
zzz=stiffness[k]
s+=zzz[d[k].index(i)][d[k].index(j)]

globstifmat[i][j]=s
print("global stiffness matrix ")
for j in range(ndof):
for k in range(ndof):
print(globstifmat[j][k],end=' ')
print()
print()
print(len(globstifmat))
print(len(globstifmat[0]))
ndof = noofnodes * 2
print(ndof)
globmassmat=[]
for i in range(ndof):
globmassmat.append([0]*ndof)
for i in range(ndof):
for j in range(ndof):
s=0
for k in d:
if(i in d[k] and j in d[k]):
zzz=mass[k]
64
 s+=zzz[d[k].index(i)][d[k].index(j)]

globmassmat[i][j]=s
print("global mass matrix ")
for j in range(ndof):
for k in range(ndof):
print(globmassmat[j][k],end=' ')
print()
print()
# calculating global load vector
globloadvector=[0]*noofnodes*2

for i in typeofload:
globloadvector[asinode[i][0]]=typeofload[i][0]
globloadvector[asinode[i][1]]=typeofload[i][1]
print(globloadvector)
print(nodesandtypesupport)
coltorem=[]
rowtorem=[]
for i in nodesandtypesupport:
if(i[1]=='h'):
coltorem.extend(asinode[i[0]])
rowtorem.extend(asinode[i[0]])
elif(i[1]=='hrs'):
coltorem.append(asinode[i[0]][1])
rowtorem.append(asinode[i[0]][1])
elif(i[1]=='vrs'):
coltorem.append(asinode[i[0]][0])
rowtorem.append(asinode[i[0]][0])
print(coltorem)
print(rowtorem)
npglobstifmat=np.array(globstifmat)
onpglobstifmat=npglobstifmat
print(npglobstifmat)
print(npglobstifmat.shape)
# Reducing Global Stiffness Matrix, global mass matrix and global load vector
#removing row
npglobstifmat=np.delete(npglobstifmat, rowtorem, 0)
print(npglobstifmat)
65
print(npglobstifmat.shape)
#removing column
npglobstifmat=np.delete(npglobstifmat, rowtorem, 1)
print(npglobstifmat)
rednpglobstifmat=npglobstifmat
print(npglobstifmat.shape)
#mass matrix removing rows nd columns
npglobmassmat=np.array(globmassmat)
onpglobmassmat=npglobmassmat
print(npglobmassmat)
npglobmassmat=np.delete(npglobmassmat, rowtorem, 0)
print(npglobmassmat)
npglobmassmat=np.delete(npglobmassmat, rowtorem, 1)
print(npglobmassmat)
rednpglobmassmat=npglobmassmat
print(npglobmassmat.shape)
print(globloadvector)
#coverting to column vector
npglobloadvector=np.array(globloadvector)
orignpglobloadvector=npglobloadvector
print(npglobloadvector.shape)
#removing rows
npglobloadvector=np.delete(npglobloadvector, rowtorem, 0)
print(npglobloadvector)
print(npglobloadvector.shape)
# Solving KQ = F to determine Nodal Displacments
#linear eqn solving
a = npglobstifmat
b = npglobloadvector
nodaldisplacement = np.linalg.solve(a, b)
print("nodal displacement matrix in mm")
print(nodaldisplacement)
#changing dimension
xx=[]
zz=list(nodaldisplacement)
i=0
s=set(rowtorem)
for j in range(noofnodes*2):
if(j not in s):
xx.append(nodaldisplacement[i])
66
 i+=1
else:
xx.append(0)
print(xx)
file.write('nodal displacements in mm are ' + str(xx)+'\n')
#changing to col matrix
npnodaldisplacement=np.array(xx)
print(npnodaldisplacement.shape)
print('nodal displacement vector in mm')
print(npnodaldisplacement)
# calculating Element Stresses
elementstresses={}
for i in range(1,noofelements+1):
l=cos[i]
m=sin[i]
m1=np.array([-l,-m,l,m]).reshape(1,-1)
pq=[]
for z in d[i]:
pq.append(npnodaldisplacement[z])
zz=np.array(pq).reshape(-1,1)
a=(elasticity/lengthofelements[i])
b=np.matmul(m1,zz)
elementstresses[i]=a*b
print("element stresses in N/mm-square")
for i in elementstresses:
print("element"+str(i)+"="+str(elementstresses[i][0][0]))

file.write('element '+str(i)+' stress in N/mm-square=

'+str(elementstresses[i][0][0])+'\n')
#reaction of support

npglobstifmat=np.array(globstifmat)

x=np.matmul(npglobstifmat,npnodaldisplacement)
y=x-orignpglobloadvector
reactionmat=y
print("reaction at support nodes in N")
print(reactionmat)
j=0
for i in nodesandtypesupport:
67
 if(i[1]=='h'):
print('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"X in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-1)*2]))
print('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"Y in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-1)*2+1]))
file.write('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"X in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-1)*2])+
'\n')
file.write('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"Y in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-
1)*2+1])+ '\n')
elif(i[1]=='hrs'):
print('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"Y in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-1)*2+1]))
file.write('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"Y in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-
1)*2+1])+ '\n')
elif(i[1]=='vrs'):
print('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"X in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-1)*2]))
file.write('reaction node at R'+str(i[0])+"X in N "+str(reactionmat[(i[0]-1)*2])+
'\n')
#modal analysis
#(globalstiffnessmatrix-(lambda)globalmassmatrix)X
class Eigen(object):

def _init_(self, *args, **kwargs):

return super()._init_(*args, **kwargs)

def Rescale(self, x):

max = x.max()
min = x.min()
s = x.shape
n = s[0]
amax = max
if abs(min) > max: amax = abs(min)
for i in range(n):
x[i] = x[i] / max
return x

def RescaleEigenVectors(self, evec):

dims = evec.shape
ndofs = dims[0]
for i in range(ndofs):
evec[:,i] = self.Rescale(evec[:,i])
return evec

68
def GetOrthogonalVector(self, ndofs, trial, mg, ev,evec):
const = 0
s = [ndofs]
sumcu= np.zeros(s)
for e in range(ev ):
U = evec[:,e]
const += trial @ mg @ U
cu = [x * const for x in U]
sumcu += cu
trial = trial - sumcu
return trial
def Solve(self,kg, mg, tolerance = 0.00001 ):
dims = kg.shape
ndofs = dims[0]
s = (ndofs,ndofs)
evec = np.zeros(s)
s = (ndofs)
eval = np.zeros(ndofs)
trial = np.ones(ndofs)
eigenvalue0 = 0
for ev in range(ndofs):
print("Computing eigenvalue and eigen vector " + str(ev) + "... " , end="")

converged = False
uk_1 = trial
k=0
while converged == False:
k += 1

if ev > 0:
uk_1 = self.GetOrthogonalVector(ndofs,uk_1,mg,ev,evec)
vk_1 = mg @ uk_1
uhatk = np.linalg.solve(kg,vk_1)
vhatk = mg @ uhatk
uhatkt = np.transpose(uhatk)
eigenvalue = (uhatkt @ vk_1)/(uhatkt @ vhatk)
denominator = math.sqrt(uhatkt @ vhatk)
uk = uhatk/denominator
tol = abs((eigenvalue - eigenvalue0) / eigenvalue)
if tol <= tolerance:
69
 converged = True
evec[:,ev] = uk
eval[ev] = eigenvalue
print("Eigenvalue = " + str(eigenvalue))
print('no of iterations= ',k)
else:
eigenvalue0 = eigenvalue
uk_1 = uk

if k > 1000:
evec[:,ev] = uk
eval[ev] = eigenvalue
print ("could not converge. Tolerance = " + str(tol))
break

self.eigenvalues = eval
return evec
rednpglobstifmat.shape
rednpglobmassmat.shape
# compute eigenvalues and eigen vectors
e = Eigen()
evec = e.Solve(rednpglobstifmat,rednpglobmassmat)
evect = e.RescaleEigenVectors(evec)

eval = e.eigenvalues
neval = len(eval)
print("eigen values")
eigvalues=e.eigenvalues
print(e.eigenvalues)
file.write("eigen values are "+str(eigvalues)+'\n')
print(len(e.eigenvalues))
print("eigen vectors")
print(len(evect))
print(evect)
for i in evect:
file.write("eigen vectors are "+str(list(i))+'\n')
from scipy.linalg import eigvalsh
ab=eigvalsh(rednpglobstifmat,rednpglobmassmat)
print(ab[0])
f1=np.sqrt(ab[0])
70
 f1
f2=np.sqrt(ab[0])
f2=f2/(2*3.14)
f2
#frequency
freq=[]
for i in eigvalues:
freq.append(math.sqrt(i)/(2*3.14))
print("natural frequency in hertz",freq)
file.write("natural frequency in hertz "+str(freq)+ '\n')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
z=1
for i in evect:
time = np.array(i)
amplitude = np.sin(time)
plot.plot(time, amplitude)
plot.title('mode'+str(z))
plot.xlabel('vector')
plot.ylabel('sin(vector)')
plot.grid(True, which='both')
plot.axhline(y=0, color='k')
plot.savefig(r"D:\Remo desktop\PhD work\Python Project
2021\mode"+str(z)+'.png', bbox_inches='tight')
plot.show()
plot.show()

z+=1
file.close()

4.5 How the python prints the results

Now run the code and give the input data. Python gives all static and
dynamic results with in a few milli seconds and print the results.
the total number of nodes= 19
the total number of elements= 35
coordinates for node1in mm : [0, 0]
coordinates for node2in mm : [1800, 3118]
coordinates for node3in mm : [3600, 0]
coordinates for node4in mm : [5400, 3118]
71
coordinates for node5in mm : [7200, 0]
coordinates for node6in mm : [9000, 3118]
coordinates for node7in mm : [10800, 0]
coordinates for node8in mm : [12600, 3118]
coordinates for node9in mm : [14400, 0]
coordinates for node10in mm : [16200, 3118]
coordinates for node11in mm : [18000, 0]
coordinates for node12in mm : [19800, 3118]
coordinates for node13in mm : [21600, 0]
coordinates for node14in mm : [23400, 3118]
coordinates for node15in mm : [25200, 0]
coordinates for node16in mm : [27000, 3118]
coordinates for node17in mm : [28800, 0]
coordinates for node18in mm : [30600, 3118]
coordinates for node19in mm : [32400, 0]
area in mm-square= 3250.0
modulus of elasticity in N/mm-square= 200000.0
the start node and end node for element 1 :[1, 3]
the start node and end node for element 2 :[3, 5]
the start node and end node for element 3 :[5, 7]
the start node and end node for element 4 :[7, 9]
the start node and end node for element 5 :[9, 11]
the start node and end node for element 6 :[11, 13]
the start node and end node for element 7 :[13, 15]
the start node and end node for element 8 :[15, 17]
the start node and end node for element 9 :[17, 19]
the start node and end node for element 10 :[2, 4]
the start node and end node for element 11 :[4, 6]
the start node and end node for element 12 :[6, 8]
the start node and end node for element 13 :[8, 10]
the start node and end node for element 14 :[10, 12]
72
the start node and end node for element 15 :[12, 14]
the start node and end node for element 16 :[14, 16]
the start node and end node for element 17 :[16, 18]
the start node and end node for element 18 :[1, 2]
the start node and end node for element 19 :[2, 3]
the start node and end node for element 20 :[3, 4]
the start node and end node for element 21 :[4, 5]
the start node and end node for element 22 :[5, 6]
the start node and end node for element 23 :[6, 7]
the start node and end node for element 24 :[7, 8]
the start node and end node for element 25 :[8, 9]
the start node and end node for element 26 :[9, 10]
the start node and end node for element 27 :[10, 11]
the start node and end node for element 28 :[11, 12]
the start node and end node for element 29 :[12, 13]
the start node and end node for element 30 :[13, 14]
the start node and end node for element 31 :[14, 15]
the start node and end node for element 32 :[15, 16]
the start node and end node for element 33 :[16, 17]
the start node and end node for element 34 :[17, 18]
the start node and end node for element 35 :[18, 19]
the total number of nodes having supports 2
the node number having support is 1 type of support is h
the node number having support is 19 type of support is hrs
total number of loaded nodes 10
the node number having load is 1 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0, -
280000.0]
the node number having load is 3 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0, -
210000.0]
the node number having load is 5 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0, -
210000.0]
73
the node number having load is 7 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0, -
210000.0]
the node number having load is 9 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0, -
210000.0]
the node number having load is 11 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0,
-210000.0]
the node number having load is 13 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0,
-210000.0]
the node number having load is 15 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0,
-210000.0]
the node number having load is 17 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0,
-210000.0]
the node number having load is 19 horizontal and vertical loads in N is [0.0,
-360000.0]
density in gm/mm-cube is 0.00785
poissions ratio is 0.3
nodal displacements in mm are [0, 0, 80.57235900725235, -
52.71710028209583, 2.6857453002416967, -103.88373823563647,
75.20086840676883, -150.39864392570678, 10.07154487590647, -
192.6497782122503, 65.80075985592269, -227.92348674249067,
20.814526076873438, -256.9953459585102, 53.71490600483477, -
277.5393170896713, 33.57181625302168, -290.7185921601952,
40.28617950362602, -294.5947479815832, 47.0005427542304, -
290.71859216019516, 26.857453002417287, -277.5393170896711,
59.75783293037865, -256.9953459585099, 14.77159915132945, -
227.9234867424904, 70.50081413134559, -192.64977821225014,
5.371490600483331, -150.39864392570675, 77.88661370701043, -
103.88373823563649, -2.0155159541979338e-13, -52.71710028209584,
80.57235900725217, 0]
element 1 stress in N/mm-square= 149.2080722356498
element 2 stress in N/mm-square= 410.32219864804296
74
element 3 stress in N/mm-square= 596.8322889426094
element 4 stress in N/mm-square= 708.7383431193468
element 5 stress in N/mm-square= 746.0403611782623
element 6 stress in N/mm-square= 708.738343119347
element 7 stress in N/mm-square= 596.8322889426081
element 8 stress in N/mm-square= 410.3221986480463
element 9 stress in N/mm-square= 149.2080722356527
element 10 stress in N/mm-square= -298.4161444713062
element 11 stress in N/mm-square= -522.2282528247856
element 12 stress in N/mm-square= -671.4363250604399
element 13 stress in N/mm-square= -746.0403611782639
element 14 stress in N/mm-square= -746.0403611782631
element 15 stress in N/mm-square= -671.4363250604354
element 16 stress in N/mm-square= -522.2282528247845
element 17 stress in N/mm-square= -298.4161444713074
element 18 stress in N/mm-square= -298.43829460071817
element 19 stress in N/mm-square= 298.43829460071817
element 20 stress in N/mm-square= -223.82872095053725
element 21 stress in N/mm-square= 223.8287209505396
element 22 stress in N/mm-square= -149.21914730035712
element 23 stress in N/mm-square= 149.21914730035869
element 24 stress in N/mm-square= -74.60957365017461
element 25 stress in N/mm-square= 74.60957365018092
element 26 stress in N/mm-square= 0.0
element 27 stress in N/mm-square= -3.157733329710917e-12
element 28 stress in N/mm-square= 74.6095736501825
element 29 stress in N/mm-square= -74.60957365018092
element 30 stress in N/mm-square= 149.21914730035869
element 31 stress in N/mm-square= -149.21914730035553
element 32 stress in N/mm-square= 223.8287209505349
element 33 stress in N/mm-square= -223.82872095053645
75
element 34 stress in N/mm-square= 298.43829460071856
element 35 stress in N/mm-square= -298.43829460071817
reaction node at R1X in N 1.1816155165433884e-08
reaction node at R1Y in N 1119999.9999999981
reaction node at R19Y in N 1199999.9999999972
eigen values are [0.00234043 0.02084768 0.03527261 0.11245795
0.22372369 0.19907059
0.11219565 0.02924594 0.00643356 0.00449632 0.02088284 0.02231559
0.00370794 0.00785575 0.00288586 0.00249354 0.00266894 0.00245855
0.00255837 0.00243372 0.00249551 0.00241577 0.00245658 0.0024025
0.00243084 0.00244897 0.00241239 0.00242439 0.00239916 0.00240752
0.00238934 0.00239541 0.00238184 0.00238639 0.00238352]
eigen vectors are [-0.27799045565014263, 0.4802719325422103, -
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1.0, -1.078998781421197, 0.532752541553521, -0.14664847887313584,
0.0032723966875199853, -0.1945351825034667, 1.0, -
0.2137952511157689, 1.0, -0.22561650756410556, 1.0, -
0.2337438760568063, 1.0, -0.23964958084113616, 1.0, 1.0, -
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0.24878409829719475, 1.0, -0.25153297519894685, 1.0, 1.0, -
0.2545465577557507]
eigen vectors are [0.17803559634423766, -0.28167753351026253,
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0.6573397285394004, 0.1500159214703888, -0.6550675577299753,
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0.651930132988549, -0.6546924097072699, 0.15811195365036507, -
76
0.6529212468230842, 0.1604761754956811, -0.6515472581347203,
0.16231196257269095, -0.6504506614023005, 0.16378135615474912, -
0.6495552102459853, -0.6501023229189612, 0.16539404256567505]
eigen vectors are [-0.013771764084600773, 0.24060768642796307,
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0.0019507382114112744, 0.0014731434703147176,
0.003017918540506312, 2.213021330447775e-05, 0.007084881421493825,
0.0045890034332496665, -0.0015657762068523463]
eigen vectors are [0.3476121584008677, -0.4182225632911257,
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1.3100039031042459, 0.32274624093715265, -1.303531351827773,
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1.2941276800194343, -1.2967187203643908, 0.3296622653351482]
eigen vectors are [-0.26262500787935433, 0.4727902859587274,
0.004607480286885616, -0.1625999134543082, 0.8684773657942036,
0.7012059976379708, -0.0017725524403347814, 0.654786192229127,
77
0.4827230010487541, 0.8185984666506072, -1.108730594140894,
0.552635613633201, -0.12712573440013453, 0.02498268205429096, -
0.177343821211837, 0.9303490495997366, -0.19703309166628066,
0.9325010093254804, -0.20915771136105948, 0.9341293825806498, -
0.2174842502343619, 0.9353887145285708, -0.2235295261288009,
0.9363854634886403, 0.9343899408040662, -0.22482958560765176,
0.9356676767006012, -0.22935772372356428, 0.9366597751457728, -
0.23286893547573417, 0.9374521730862039, -0.23567604394327035,
0.9380996379408488, 0.9377037157851825, -0.2387523898743091]
eigen vectors are [0.507229724293509, -0.5394354336478332,
0.7648765893731594, 1.0, -0.21619773474470722, -0.09588614392004527,
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3.079341858333644, 1.0, -0.4384766964245419, 0.38737167517391435,
0.23878164916378355, 0.4268916970767629, -1.9861680241132509,
0.44558835318440243, -1.9625046059405797, 0.4565745541858721, -
1.9444786643403502, 0.4642067612072528, -1.9304755210520497,
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1.9163386746243862, 0.4785258207921383, -1.907421462165865,
0.48117918212763316, -1.900128684149449, -1.9045977557492,
0.48409649834945667]
eigen vectors are [-0.04169441392933607, 0.4689600426071694,
0.20778581285015485, -0.25448312242279436, 1.0, 0.7343067079545679,
-0.001965655546096626, 0.820321651855307, -4.602298384687668, -
1.009970878946891, -1.0398716724016497, 0.5652625089126818,
0.0874364870039814, 0.22683631138338717, 0.039244241403805974, -
0.005296311148581218, 0.021096706478196246, 0.016856919467131977,
0.009398490412439354, 0.033882479828690484,
0.0013834367451650603, 0.04718565873252263, -0.004424811343662149,
0.05779386326935623, 0.036129217406917484, -0.00568187541188562,
0.04990513527537437, -0.010016918730667292, 0.060632039999055774, -
78
0.013375971288585215, 0.06922092084537836, -0.016059782624916558,
0.07625425342509927, 0.07193480656902497, -0.01899883648013852]
eigen vectors are [0.6491392165473799, -0.5146951018413798,
0.9688773183414469, 0.8920056002342169, 0.16043890372803812,
0.1466725237278416, -1.0630655305923462, -0.01727310379604383, -
10.810330039322078, -4.382213729528509, 0.935673494984739, -
0.37096077357573515, 0.5381610612288938, 0.3955303145153926,
0.573601945196995, -2.6039369914890496, 0.591494630882576, -
2.5648856337903965, 0.6016172778457921, -2.5350553937593583,
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2.5069599218410983, 0.6189247615226668, -2.4883952527179085,
0.6220240853709786, -2.473546057367803, 0.624511252913146, -
2.4613970897413067, -2.468847422622586, 0.6272493525835072]
eigen vectors are [-0.2336012465393183, 0.4729056312084427,
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0.1860913191813184, 0.8113938943548938, -0.19248622942761673,
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0.20234819202433815, 0.8177478240170285, -0.20530690825383008,
0.8197483541027348, 0.8185239601199614, -0.20854766600470556]
eigen vectors are [0.7722589830935865, -0.47622872832708574, 1.0,
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79
3.1363970621337263, 0.7168383748709609, -3.0846609956746285,
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2.9632160350387724, 0.7484600529806898, -2.9470067267615905, -
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eigen vectors are [-0.08099426285584785, 0.6581071612975151,
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eigen vectors are [0.870271143622845, -0.31601012114335053,
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80
eigen vectors are [-0.19446001531148918, 0.5033302111874072,
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eigen vectors are [0.9429590274369207, -0.16485955410360875,
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eigen vectors are [-0.1274500671406974, 0.7841684551166858,
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81
0.3242875251705431, -0.06880113928100975, 0.3379534858901755,
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0.007855526590241307, 0.007954627092713318, 0.007826517972431668,
0.00789233437775372, 0.00780498893290061, 0.007850875842142314,
0.00788011335206704, 0.007821031537877629, 0.00784046858362362,
0.007799552608904261, 0.007813139572461643, 0.007783574311242421,
0.0077934536174361566, 0.00777135850232812, 0.007778775096071561,
0.0077740987579034545].

CHAPTER – Ⅴ

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Results

This project carried out in ANSYS APDL Software and Python for validation
purpose for both static and vibration analysis for any truss structure.

90
 Fig 5.1 deformation of stress in model analaysis

5.1.1 Results comparison for validation between Ansys APDL and Python
Code:

Static analysis results of python code were compared with Ansys APDL
software. The below tables shows the comparision of nodal displacements ,
element stresses and reaction forces at the supports.

Table 5.1 Nodal displacements validation:

node Nodal displacements in mm
Numbe Nodal displacements in mm obtained obtained from Python Code in
r from Ansys APDL in MM MM
Qx Qy Qx Qy
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 80.572 -52.717 80.572 -52.717
-
103.88
3 2.686 -103.880 2.686 0
-
150.40
4 75.201 -150.400 75.201 0
-
192.65
5 10.072 -192.650 10.072 0
-
227.92
6 65.801 -227.920 65.801 0
-
7 20.815 -257.000 20.815 257.00
91
 0
-
277.54
8 53.715 -277.540 53.715 0
-
290.72
9 33.572 -290.720 33.572 0
-
294.59
10 40.286 -294.590 40.286 0
-
290.72
11 47.001 -290.720 47.001 0
-
277.54
12 26.857 -277.540 26.857 0
-
257.00
13 59.758 -257.000 59.758 0
-
227.92
14 14.772 -227.920 14.772 0
-
192.65
15 70.501 -192.650 70.501 0
-
150.40
16 5.372 -150.400 5.372 0
-
103.88
17 77.887 -103.880 77.887 0
18 7.9378E-13 -52.717 7.9378E-13 -52.717
19 80.572 0.000 80.572 0.000

Table 5.2 Element Stresses validation:

Element Element
stresses stresses
from from
Element Ansys Python
Numbe APDL in code in
r N/mm2 N/mm2
1 149.21 149.21
92
 2 410.32 410.32
3 596.83 596.83
4 708.74 708.74
5 746.04 746.04
6 708.74 708.74
7 596.83 596.83
8 410.32 410.32
9 149.21 149.21
10 -298.42 -298.42
11 -522.23 -522.23
12 -671.44 -671.44
13 -746.04 -746.04
14 -746.04 -746.04
15 -671.44 -671.44
16 -522.23 -522.23
17 -298.42 -298.42
18 -298.44 -298.44
19 298.44 298.44
20 -223.83 -223.83
21 223.83 223.83
22 -149.22 -149.22
23 149.22 149.22
24 -74.61 -74.61
25 74.61 74.61
26 0 0
27 2.78E-12 2.78E-12
28 74.61 74.61
29 -74.61 -74.61
30 149.22 149.22
31 -149.22 -149.22
32 223.83 223.83
33 -223.83 -223.83
34 298.44 298.44
35 -298.44 -298.44

Table 5.3 Reactions forces validation:

Reaction Reaction
Reaction forces forces
forces from from
93
 Ansys Python
APDL in N Code in N

1.1816E- 1.1816E-
R1x 08 08
R1y 1119999.9 1119999.9
R19y 1199999.9 1199999.9

From the above comparison we found almost zero error between the results
obtained using python code and ANSYS software.
From this we can confirm that the python code which we developed is working
fully with almost zero error.
5.1.2 Modal Analysis using Python Code:

Before going to add modal results we are comparing natural frequencies

obtained from python and ansys software for cross checking.
Table 5.4 Natural frequencies Validation:
Natural frequency Natural frequency
from Ansys APDl from Python Code
S.No In Hertz In Hertz
1 0.00770 0.00770
2 0.02298 0.02299
3 0.02989 0.02991
4 0.05337 0.05340
5 0.07528 0.07532

Just for validation we compared any of five natural frequencies from both
python and ansys software and we found that the results obtained are very close.

Already results obtained from ansys software were discussed in chapter 3. In this
chapter we will show the results obtained from python code.

5.2 Plotting Mode Shapes:

94
From the data of current project we obtained 35 mode shapes for the
corresponding natural frequencies. The following fig shows the model shapes of
truss structure.

95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Fig 5.2 Figures of mode shapes

112
 CHAPTER – Ⅵ
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.0 Conclusions
From the present investigation, it can be concluded that the results
obtained by running python code were almost matched with the results obtained
from ANSYS APDL software. The current project investigated static and
vibrational analysis of Railway Bridge structure using Python code and results
obtained are exceptional.
The python code which we developed is suitable for all truss structures
with any material. Our code is restricted to linear properties only.The code
which we developed is used for automation for conducting stress analysis and
vibration analysis .
If for different materials this same experiment has to run, then the entire
pre-processing process has to be changed and re-run the analysis. If in another
case the truss structure was different or number of elements used are differnet,
then the entire modeling work and then the pre & post works has to be carried
out newly while using ANSYS APDL Software. With this Python code, the
mentioned challenges can be solved very easily and at rocket speeds.
6.1 Future Scope

This Python code developed for any type of truss structure. In future it
can be upgraded to work for all structural members like beams plates columns
etc Also same procedure can be followed to develop python code that can work
for plates with notches. Also we can implement in composite materials also.

113
 CHAPTER Ⅶ
REFERENCE

[1] An Object-Oriented class design for the Generalized Finite Element Method
programmingDorivalPiedadeNeto* ManoelDênis Costa FerreiraSergio
PersivalBaronciniProença, latin American journal of solids and structures,
10(2013) 1267 – 1291

[2] Alves Filho, J. S. R., Devloo, P. R. B. (1991). Object Oriented programming

in Scientific computations: the beginning of a new era. Engineering
Computations, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 81-87.

[3] Bordas, S. P. A., Nguyens, P. V., Dunant, C., Guidoum, A., Nguens-Dand, H.
(2007). An extended finite element library, International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, Vol. 71, pp. 703-732

[4] Duarte, C. A. and Oden, J. T. (1996b).Hpclouds – an hpmeshless method.

Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, Vol. 12, pp. 673–705.

[5] scikit-fem: A Python package for finite element assembly

Tom Gustafsson1 and G. D. McBainDOI: 10.21105/joss.02369

[6] Cimrman, R., Lukeš, V., & Rohan, E. (2019). Multiscale finite element
calculations in Python using SfePy. Advances in Computational Mathematics.
doi:10.1007/s10444-019 09666-0

[7] Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in

Science &
Engineering, 9(3), 90–95. doi:10.1109/MCSE.2007.55
[8] Bathe, K. J. (1996). Finite Element Procedures, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey.http://matplotlib.sf.net/Matplotlib.pdf, (acessed April 2011).