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CSEC_Functions_Graphs_Notes_with_Examples

The document provides comprehensive notes on relations, functions, and graphs, defining key concepts such as relations, functions, function notation, and operations. It includes examples of linear and quadratic functions, graphing techniques, and methods for solving equations graphically. Additionally, it covers inequalities, composite and inverse functions, and non-linear graphs, emphasizing practical applications and interpretations of these mathematical concepts.

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kaikaiharris2008
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2 views

CSEC_Functions_Graphs_Notes_with_Examples

The document provides comprehensive notes on relations, functions, and graphs, defining key concepts such as relations, functions, function notation, and operations. It includes examples of linear and quadratic functions, graphing techniques, and methods for solving equations graphically. Additionally, it covers inequalities, composite and inverse functions, and non-linear graphs, emphasizing practical applications and interpretations of these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

kaikaiharris2008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSEC Relations, Functions, and Graphs

Notes with Examples


1. Relations and Functions
 - A **relation** is any set of ordered pairs (x, y).
 - A **function** is a relation where each input (x) has exactly one output (y).
 - **Example**: {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)} is a function because each x maps to one y.
 - **Non-example**: {(1, 2), (1, 3)} is not a function because x = 1 has two outputs.
 - Represent using: ordered pairs, arrow diagrams, graphs, or algebraically.

2. Function Notation and Operations


 - **f(x)** represents the output of a function f for input x.
 - **Example**: f(x) = 2x + 3 → f(2) = 2(2) + 3 = 7
 - **Inverse function**: If f(x) = 2x + 3, then f⁻¹(x) = (x - 3)/2
 - **Composite function**: If f(x) = x² and g(x) = x + 1, then f(g(x)) = (x + 1)²

3. Linear Functions and Graphing


 - Form: y = mx + c where m = gradient, c = y-intercept
 - **Example**: y = 2x + 1 has gradient 2 and y-intercept 1.
 - Graph is a straight line. To plot: use x = 0 and x = 1 to find y-values.

4. Equation of a Straight Line


 - Use formula: y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)
 - **Example**: Through (2, 3) with gradient 2 → y - 3 = 2(x - 2) → y = 2x - 1

5. Length and Midpoint


 - **Length formula**: √[(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²]
 - **Example**: A(1, 2), B(4, 6) → length = √[(4 - 1)² + (6 - 2)²] = √(9 + 16) = √25 = 5
 - **Midpoint formula**: ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2)
 - Midpoint = ((1+4)/2, (2+6)/2) = (2.5, 4)

6. Graphical Solutions
 - Plot lines such as y = 2x + 1 and y = -x + 4 on the same graph.
 - Their intersection is the solution to the system of equations.
 - **Inequality Example**: y > 2x + 1 is graphed with a dashed line and shaded above.
7. Quadratic Functions and Graphs
 - **Standard form**: y = ax² + bx + c
 - Axis of symmetry: x = -b/2a
 - Vertex: plug x = -b/2a into the equation to find y.
 - **Example**: y = x² - 4x + 3 → axis: x = 2, vertex: (2, -1)

8. Interpreting Quadratic Graphs


 - Identify turning point (max or min).
 - Estimate gradient from graph slope.
 - **Roots**: x-values where y = 0 (where graph touches x-axis).

9. Inequalities and Graphs


 - For y ≤ 2x + 3, draw solid line and shade below.
 - Use test point (e.g., (0, 0)) to decide which side to shade.

10. Composite and Inverse Functions


 - f(g(x)) means apply g first, then f.
 - **Example**: f(x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 1 → f(g(2)) = f(3) = 6
 - Inverse: If f(x) = 3x - 1, then f⁻¹(x) = (x + 1)/3

11. Evaluating and Interpreting Functions


 - **Example**: f(x) = x² + 2x, f(3) = 3² + 2(3) = 9 + 6 = 15
 - In real-world: graph shows trends like speed or distance.

12. Non-Linear Graphs


 - y = x² (parabola), y = 1/x (hyperbola), y = √x
 - Use tables of values to plot points and sketch curves.

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