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Functions - Lecture Parts I, II & III

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13 views37 pages

Functions - Lecture Parts I, II & III

Uploaded by

Basma Mostafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AND INFORMATICS

MATHEMATICS - 0

FUNCTIONS

Dr. Basma Mostafa


Computer Science department

Mathematics - 0 1
Chapter 2: Functions
FUNCTIONS

2.1 Functions and Function Notation

2.2 Graphs of Functions

2.3 Some Basic Functions

2.4 Composite, One-to-One Functions &


Inverse Functions
Introduction to
Functions and
Function Notation
Introduction to Functions and Function
Notation
• Definition: A function is a relationship
between variables, where each input
corresponds to a unique output.

• Examples:
– Sphere volume formula:

(input = radius, output = volume)


– Triangle area formula: ℎ
(input = base, height, output = area)
Understanding Input and Output
• Natural Input/Output Relationships:
– Example:
A=π for a circle's area
(input = radius, output = area).
– Reverse scenario:
Designing a sphere given a volume.
What is a Function?
• Definition: A function assigns exactly one output to each input.

• Key Concept: Uniqueness of output.

• Examples:
– Volume of a sphere: V = π
– Area of a triangle: A = b h
The Black Box View of Functions
• Visualization: Imagine a function
as a black box where the input
goes in, and a unique output
comes out.

• Example: Squaring a number as a


black-box process.
Function Notation
• How to Write a Function: f(x) represents a
function named f with input x.

• Examples:
• f(x) = (squaring function)
• S(x) = (squaring function using the letter S)
Mapping Diagrams
• It is sometimes helpful to view functions/non-functions in
terms of mapping diagrams, as illustrated below.
Vertical Line Test;
y is a Function of x

Vertical Line Test: Used to determine if y is a function of x.

• If every vertical line intersects


the graph at most once, then it’s
a function.

• Example: Graph of y = +1
Horizontal Line Test;
x is a Function of y
Horizontal Line Test: Determines if x is a function of y.

Associated to each `input' y there is a


unique `output' x, so in this case, x is a
function of y.

• Example: x = +1
Non-Function Relationships (1)
Example:

The equation = 9 does not


describe y as a function of x (fails
vertical line test).
Check this Relationship (1)

Consider the equation 1.


Suppose x is viewed as the 'output', motivating us to
solve for x
Check this Relationship (2)
• Equation rearrangement:
y- =1⟺ =y-1

• Square root step:


x = ±√(y - 1)
Explanation: Take square roots, correctly!

14
Check this Relationship (3)
• For an allowable input y, there are two
possible outputs:
x = +√(y - 1) and x = -√(y - 1)

• Explanation: This means we do not obtain a


unique output value.

15
Check this Relationship (4)
• Although y is a function of x in this
equation, x is not a function of y.

• The graph of y - = 1 does not pass the


horizontal line test.

16
EXERCISE
Consider the graphs shown below. Which ones describe y as a
function of x? Which ones describe x as a function of y?
Key Takeaways

• Functions define a unique output for each input.

• Graphical tests (vertical and horizontal line tests)


help determine if a relation is a function.
2.2 Graphs of
Functions
Domain of the function
• Associated with every function is a set called
the domain of the function.
• The domain influences the graph of the
function.

Definition: Domain of f, : The set of inputs to a


function is called the domain of , and denoted by .
Domain Convention
• If the domain of a function is not explicitly
specified, it's assumed to be all inputs for
which the function makes sense.
Examples of Domain Convention (1)
• For the function , the domain is determined by
1 0 and 2 0, resulting in 1, ∞ .
Graph of a Function

Definition: "ℎ# $ %&ℎ ' ( , | ∈ +.

The graph consists of points (input, output), where is the input


and is the output.
Range of Functions

• The range of a function f is the set of all


outputs from f as x varies over its domain.

Notation: R(f) := {f(x) | x ∈ D(f)}.


Examples of Graphing Functions (1)
• Example: f(x) =
Examples of Graphing Functions (2)

26
2.3 Some Basic
Functions

27
Some Basic Functions

28
Identity Function
• Definition: f(x) = x

• Characteristics:
– Domain: All real numbers
– Range: All real numbers
– Graph: A straight line through the origin with a slope of 1.
Squaring Function
• Definition: f(x) = x^2

• Characteristics:
– Domain: All real numbers
– Range: [0, ∞)
– Graph: A parabola opening upwards with vertex at the
origin.
Cubing Function
• Definition: f(x) = x^3

• Characteristics:
– Domain: All real numbers
– Range: All real numbers
– Graph: An S-shaped curve passing through the
origin, symmetric about the origin.
Constant Function
• Definition: f(x) = c, where c is a constant

• Characteristics:
– Domain: All real numbers
– Range: {c} (single value)
– Graph: A horizontal line at y = c.
Reciprocal Function
• Definition: f(x) = 1/x

• Characteristics:
– Domain: x ≠ 0
– Range: y ≠ 0
– Graph: Two hyperbolic curves in the first and third
quadrants with asymptotes along x = 0 and y = 0.
Linear Functions
• A linear function has a constant rate of change
and is written as f(x) = mx + b.
• Domain: All real numbers (-∞, ∞)
• Range: All real numbers (-∞, ∞)
The Exponential Function
• The exponential function, denoted #ˣ, has a domain of all real
numbers and a range of (0, ∞).
• It satisfies properties such as # - 1, #ˣᵞ #ˣ ʸ, %01 # 2 ˣ .
3ˣ
Differentiating Linear and Exponential
Functions (1)

• Linear, quadratic, and exponential functions have


unique graphs, domains, ranges, and applications.
• Understanding these differences helps in identifying
and applying them effectively.
Differentiating Linear and Exponential
Functions (2)

• Real-World Applications
– Linear: Budgeting, simple interest calculations
– Exponential: Population growth, radioactive decay

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