FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

Precalculus
Chapter 1
• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
• Precalculus
• By Richard Wright
• https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-RLW/Text/TOC.
html
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
 1-01 THE CARTESIAN PLANE
In this section, you will:
• Plot points in the cartesian coordinate system.
• Find the distance between two points.
• Find the midpoint between two points.
1-01 THE CARTESIAN PLANE

• Cartesian Plane
• Four quadrants
• Point is (x, y)

• Graph A(3, 2)
• Graph B(-1, 4)
1-01 THE CARTESIAN PLANE

• Distance formula
• Pythagorean Theorem
1-01 THE CARTESIAN PLANE

• Midpoint formula
• Average of the points (mean)

•
 1-01 THE CARTESIAN PLANE

• Find the (a) distance and (b)

midpoint between (-1, 3) and (2, -5)
 1-02 GRAPHS
In this section, you will:
• Graph equations by plotting points.
• Graph equations with a graphing utility.
• Find the x- and y-intercepts.
• Graph circles.
1-02 GRAPHS

• Basic graphing method

• Make a table
• Choose x, Calculate y
• Graph
1-02 GRAPHS

• Intercepts
• Point where a graph crosses the axes

• To find the intercepts

• x-intercept
• Let and solve for x
• y-intercept
• Let and solve for y
 1-02 GRAPHS

• Find the intercepts of

1-02 GRAPHS

• Circles
•
• where (h, k) is the center
• and r is the radius
• Graph
 1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO
VARIABLES
In this section, you will:
• Calculate and interpret slope.
• Write linear equations.
• Graph linear functions.
 1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

• Slope-intercept form • To graph a line (shortcut)

1. Plot y-intercept
• m = slope (rate of change) 2. Follow the slope to get a
• (0, b) = y-intercept couple more points
3. Draw a line through the points
•  horizontal line
•  vertical line
1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

• Find the slope and y-int and

graph
1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

• Slope

• If slope is
• m > 0 → rises
• m = 0 → horizontal
• m < 0 → falls
• m undefined → vertical
 1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

• Find the slope of the line passing through (-3, -2) and (1, 6)
 1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

• Write Linear Equations • Find slope-intercept form of the

1. Find slope (m) line passing through (0, -2)
with m = 3.
2. Find a point on the line

3. Use point-slope form

 1-03 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

• Parallel and Penpendicular • Find the equation of the line

• Parallel → same slope passing through (2, 1) and
perpendicular to .
• Perpendicular → slopes are
negative reciprocals
•
 1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL
NOTATION
In this section, you will:
• Determine whether a relation represents a function.
• Find input and output values of a function.
• Find the domain of a function.
• Evaluate piecewise functions.
1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

• Relation
• Rule that relates 2 quantities
• Function
• Special relation
• A function f from set A to set B is a
relation that assigns each element x
in set A to exactly one element in set
B
• Set A: input domain
• Set B: output range
 1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

• Is this a function?
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -1 0 1 8

•
 1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

• Functional Notation • Evaluate

•
 1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

• Piecewise functions • Evaluate

• Function made of more than
one function with specific
domains
 1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

• Domain of a function • What is the domain?

• Implied domain - all real
numbers for which the
expression is defined
• Interval notation
•
• [ ] means =
• ( ) means ≠
• (2, 7] means 2 < x ≤ 7
 1-04 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

• Difference Quotient

• Simplify the difference quotient

for
 1-05 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Find domain and range from graphs.
• Determine whether graphs represent functions.
• Find zeros of functions.
• Find the average rate of change of a function.
• Analyze graphs to determine when the graph is increasing, decreasing, or constant.
1-05 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

• Find the domain and range

from a graph
• Domain: part of x-axis covered
by graph
• Range: part of y-axis covered by
graph
 1-05 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

• Vertical Line Test

• A graph represents a function if no vertical line can touch 2 points
on the graph
 1-05 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

• Zeros of a function • Find the zeros of

• x-value such that
• x-intercepts
• To find, make and solve for x
 1-05 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

• Increasing (rises from left to

right)
• Decreasing (falls from left to
right)
• Constant (horizontal)
• Relative minimum (lowest point
in area)
• Relative maximum (highest point
in area)
 1-05 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

• Rate of Change
• Average rate of change = slope between 2 points
 1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Identify the graphs of parent functions.
• Graph piecewise functions.
 1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• constant function f(x) = c,

• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is the set {c} that
contains this single element.
• Neither increasing or
decreasing.
• Symmetric over the y-axis
1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• identity function f(x) = x,

• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increases from (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
 1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• absolute value function

,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is [0, ∞).
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis
1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• quadratic function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is only nonnegative real
numbers, [0, ∞).
• Decreasing over (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
 1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• cubic function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing on (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• reciprocal function ,
• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x|x ≠ 0}.
• Range is all real numbers except
0, {y|y ≠ 0}.
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin and
over the lines y = x and y = −x.
 1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• reciprocal squared function ,

• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x|x ≠ 0}.
• Range is only positive real
numbers, (0, ∞).
• Increasing on (−∞, 0) and
decreasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• square root function

,
• Domain is 0 or greater, [0, ∞).
• Range is 0 or greater, [0, ∞).
• Increasing on (0, ∞).
• No symmetry.
 1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• cube root function ,

• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing over (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
1-06 GRAPHS OF PARENT FUNCTIONS

• Piecewise Functions
• At the boundary,
• If equal → solid dot
• If not equal → open dot
• Graph
 1-07 TRANSFORMATIONS OF
FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Graph functions with translations.
• Graph functions with reflections.
• Graph functions with stretches and shrinks.
• Perform a sequences of transformations.
 1-07 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Translations (shift) • For , write a function with a

• Moves the graph vertical shift of 3 down and 2
right.
• Horizontal

• c shifts right
• Vertical

• d shifts up
 1-07 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Reflections • Dilations
• x-axis • Stretch/Shrink
• Vertical • Horizontal

• y-axis • Stretch by
• Vertical

• Horizontal
• Stretch by a
 1-07 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Put it all together

• a = vertical stretch
• = horizontal stretch
• c = horizontal shift right
• d = vertical shift up
 1-07 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Given
• Identify the parent function
• Describe the transformations
• Sketch the graph
• Use functional notation to write
g in terms of f
 1-07 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Write the function for

 1-08 COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Combine functions using algebraic operations.
• Create a composition of functions.
 1-08 COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Add • If and , find

• Subtract

• Multiply

• Divide
•
 1-08 COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Composition • Domain of is all x in domain of

g such that is in the domain of
f.
• Substitute g into f
• x→g→f

• If and , find
• f∘g • If and , find the domain of f ∘ g

• g∘f
 1-08 COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Decompose • Decompose
• Find and so that
• Pick a portion to be g(x), then
replace that with x to get f(x)
• Decompose
 1-09 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Verify that two functions are inverse functions.
• Find the domain and range on inverse functions.
• Find the inverse of a function.
 1-09 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

• Inverse functions • Verify that and are inverses

• Switch x and y
• Switch inputs and outputs

• Verify inverses by showing

• and
 1-09 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

• Graphs of inverses • One-to-one

• Reflected over line y = x • A function is one-to-one if each
y corresponds to exactly one x.
• Passes the horizontal line test
• Inverse of a 1-to-1 is a function
 1-09 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

• Finding inverses • Find the inverse of

1. Replace f(x) with y
2. Switch x and y
3. Solve for y
4. If you did step 1, replace y
with
 1-09 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

• Find the inverse of

 1-10 MATHEMATICAL MODELING
In this section, you will:
• Draw and interpret scatter plots.
• Find the best-fitting line using a graphing utility.
• Calculate variations.
 1-10 MATHEMATICAL MODELING

• Mathematical modeling
• Find a function to fit data points

• Least squares regression (linear)

• Gives the best fitting line
• The amount of error is given by the correlation coefficient (r)
 1-10 MATHEMATICAL MODELING

• Number (in 1000s) of female • On TI-graphing

USAF personnel, P, on active • STAT ∨ Edit... and enter data
duty
• STAT → CALC ∨ LinReg(ax+b)
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
P 66.8 67.6 71.5 73.5 73.8

• Find a model with t=0 being

2000
 1-10 MATHEMATICAL MODELING

• Real-Life Problems
• Slope = rate of change

• Interpolation
• Within data
• Small error
• Extrapolation
• Outside of data
• Possibly huge error
 1-10 MATHEMATICAL MODELING

• Variations • A company found the demand

• Direct for its product varies inversely
as the price of the product.
When the price is $2.75, the
• Inverse demand is 600 units. Write an
equation.
• Joint

• a = constant of variation