DATA COMMUNICATION
(introduction)
Information Technology
OBJECTIVES
Define
the terms: Data Communication,
Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full Duplex.
Explain the terms: Bandwidth,
Narrowband, Voice-band, Broadband,
Digital, Analog, Modulation and
Demodulation.
Differentiate between Upload and
Download.
OBJECTIVES
List
the three (3) types of Bandwidth:
Narrowband, Voice-band, and Broadband.
Identify
examples for each communication
channel.
Drawand label diagrams to show Digital
and Analog signals.
Drawand label diagrams to illustrate the
process of Modulation and Demodulation.
INTRODUCTION
DATA COMMUNICATION
Definitions:
It can be broadly described as
the transmission of data from
one location to another for direct
use or for further processing.
Thisis the process of sending
data electronically from one point
to another. Thus, making the
sharing of data, hardware, and
software possible.
TOOLS NEEDED FOR DATA
COMMUNICATION
A sending device, eg a computer
A modem for conversion
A communication channel on which the
signals will travel, eg a telephone line
A receiving device eg, a computer
Datain any communications system is
moved from one location to another via
data communication channels or links.
These channels are classified according to
Bandwidth.
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Data travels through communication
channels, hence a communication
channel is a medium through which
data travels. These channels are
classified as either:
Wire
Wireless
HOW DATA TRAVELS THROUGH
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Communication channels are further
classified according to the direction
in which the data can flow through
them.
There are THREE main directions in
which data travels through a
communication channel. They are:
Simplex
Half Duplex
Duplex (Full duplex)
SIMPLEX MODE
Insimplex mode, data is transmitted
in only one direction, that is, a
terminal can only send data and
cannot receive it or it can only receive
data but cannot send it. Simplex mode
is usually used for a remote device
that is meant only to receive data. It is
not possible to confirm successful
transmission of data in simplex mode.
SIMPLEX MODE
EXAMPLES: Speaker, radio and
television broadcasting are examples
of simplex transmission, on which the
signal is send from the transmission to
your TV antenna. There is no return
signal.
DEVICE A DEVICE B
HALF DUPLEX MODE
Data can be transmitted in both
directions but not at the same time.
During any transmission, one is the
transmitter and the other is receiver.
This slow down data transmission
rate, however transmission of data
can be confirmed.
HALF-DUPLEX
Examples: text messaging, email,
walkie-talkie
DEVICE A DEVICE B
FULL DUPLEX MODE
In full mode, data can be transmitted
in both directions simultaneously. It
is a faster mode for transmitting
data because no time wastes in
switching directions.
Example of full duplex is telephone
set in which both the users can talk
and listen at the same time.
FULL DUPLEX MODE
Some examples are IRC (Instant Relay
Chat) and telephone conversations.
DEVICE A DEVICE B
IMPORTANT TERMS TO
NOTE
Synchronous communication
Asynchronous communication
Uploading
Downloading
Synchronous communication is direct communication where the
communicators are time synchronized. This means that all parties
involved in the communication are present at the same time. This
includes, but is not limited to, a telephone conversation (not texting), a
company board meeting, a chat room event and instant messaging.
Asynchronous communication does not require that all parties
involved in the communication to be present at the same time. Some
examples are e-mail messages, discussion boards, blogging, and text
messaging over cell phones. In distance (specifically online) education
asynchronous communication is the major (sometimes the only)
method of communication. Usually, we use different discussion boards
in each class with each having its own purpose.
IMPORTANT TERMS TO
NOTE…cont
Uploading: Sending data from a
smaller device to a larger device or
system
Eg from cell phone to the internet
Downloading: Sending data from a
larger device to a smaller device. Eg
from internet to your PC.
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth refers to the rate and speed at which
data can be transmitted over a communication
channel in a given time.
The wider the bandwidth, the more data it can
transmit. Bandwidths are quoted in cps (characters
per second) and bps (bits per second).
Bandwidths can be grouped into three classes of
channels:
- Narrowband
- Voice-band
- Broadband (see youtube video: Funny ad about low
bandwidth)
BANDWIDTH: NARROW-
BAND
A narrow-band channel which is
almost obsolete, eg. telegraph system,
can transmit data at slow speeds of
between 10 and 30 characters per
second (cps).
BANDWIDTH: VOICE-
BAND
A voice-band channel can transmit
data at the rate of 1000 to 8000 cps
and is one of the most widely used
methods of transferring data. eg.
telephone line
BANDWIDTH:
BROADBAND
A broadband channel can transmit
large volumes of data at speeds of over
100,000 cps. Eg. coaxial cables, fibre
optic cables, microwave links and
communication satellites are commonly
used to provide the channels.
DATA TRANSMISSION
Data may be transferred from one
device to another by means of some
communication media. The
electromagnetic or light waves that
transfer data from one device to
another device in encoded form are
called signals. Data transmissions
across the network can occur in two
signals :
(i) Analog signal.
ANALOG SIGNAL
This refers to the transfer of data in the form of
electrical signals or continuous waves is called
analog signal or analog data transmission.
An analog signal is measured in volts and its
frequency is in hertz (Hz).
Advantages of Analog Signaling
Allows multiple transmissions across the cable.
Suffers less from attenuation.
Disadvantages of Analog Signaling
Suffers from EMI.
Can only be transmitted in one direction without
sophisticated equipment.
DIGITAL SIGNALS
The transfer of data in the form of digit is called
digital signal or digital data transmission. Digital
signals consist of binary digits, 0 & 1. Electrical pulses
are used to represent binary digits. Data transmission
between computers is in the form of digital signals.
Advantages of Digital Signaling
Equipment is cheaper and simpler than analog
equipment.
Signals can be transmitted on a cable bidirectional.
Digital signals suffer less from EMI.
Disadvantages Digital Signaling
Only one signal can be sent at a time.
Digital signals suffer from attenuation.
DATA REPRESENTATION:
MODEM
Itis important to note that communication
between devices either occur by use of digital
or analog signals.
Digitalsignals transmit data by use of electrical
states that are ON or OFF; while the analog
signals transmit data by use of continuous
waves.
Thus, a modem (modulaton/demodulaton) is
used to convert signals from one mode to
another mode, enabling communication.
THE MODEM
Short for modulator-demodulator. A
modem is a device or program that
enables a computer to transmit data
over, for example, telephone or cable
lines. Computer information is stored
digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is
transmitted in the form of analog
waves. A modem converts between
these two forms.
More on the….. MODEM
A modem modulates/changes
outgoing digital signals from a
computer or other digital device to
analog signals for a conventional
copper twisted pair telephone line
and demodulates the incoming
analog signal and converts it to a
digital signal for the digital device.
DIAGRAM SHOWING PROCESS OF
MODULATION/DEMODULATION
Modulation process
external
modem
