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Functions
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Understandin Explorin Applications Graphical
g the g its in Real Life Representat
Concepts Types n
 01 Understanding the
Concept of Functions
a- What is the definition up a function in mathematics?
c. How do inputs and outputs
relate to each other in a
function?
In mathematics, a function is a relation between a set of inputs called the In a function, inputs and outputs are
domain and a set of possible outputs called the codomain where each input is related by a specific rule or mapping that
associated with exactly one output
determines how each input value
example corresponds to a unique output value this
if F(x) = x ² then, F(2)= 4, F(-3)= 9 relationship ensures that:
1- Each input has exactly one output
b- What are the main components of a function, including inputs and outputs? 2. The function rule defines the
1- Domain (x): the set of all possible inputs for the function transformation :
2- Codomain (y) : The set that contains all possible outputs.
the function applies a mathematical
3. Range: The actual set of outputs that the function Produces
4-Bull/Mapping the specific relationship or female that assigns each input operation to each input to produce the
exactly one output. corresponding output.
3- The output depends on the input :
d- What is the difference between a relation and a relation ? changing the input value function's rule

A relation is any set of ordered pairs (x , y) , that connects inputs with outputs. A
relation does not require each input to have exactly one output
Example: (1.2) (2,3), (2.4), (3,5) is a relation but not a function because the input 2
is associated with two different outputs (3 and 4)
 02
A function is a specific type of relation where each
input kas exactly and output. Exploring Types
Example (1.2) (23) (34) is a function because every
input has a unique output. of Functions
!.Note
Every function is a relation, but not
every relation is a function. 1- What are the characteristics of linear functions :
a-Constant rate of change
=> The function has a constant stupe, meaning it increases or decreases at th
rate throughout
b- Straight line graph
=> The graph of a linear function is always a straight line
C-It has equation form y = ax +b
where a is the slope
and b is the y intercept (the point where the line Crosses the y-axis)
d. Domain and Range:
Þ the domain end range of a Iinear function are Typically all real numbers
e-One Output per input :
=> For each x-value there is exactly one y-value.
- How do Quadratic Functions differ from linear function?
1- Equation form: linear function: ax +b (1st degree)
quadratic function: ax² + bx + c (2nd degree)
2. Graph shape
Linear Function: Straight line
Quadratic Function : Parabola (4-shaped Cuire that can open upward or
downward)

3. Rate of change
-Linear Function : constant rate of change (slope is the same everywhere).
-Quadratic Function : Changing rate of change, ( the slope decreases of increases
as x changes)

4- Turning Point :
- Linear function : No turning point
-Quadratic function : Has a vertex (has minimum or maximum point).

5. Domain and range:

- Linear function : domain and
range are both all real numbers { -infinity ,+infinity }
-Quadratic function : domain is a real number but the depends on wether the
parabola opens upward or downward
3-Whal defines exponential Functions, and how do they behave?
An exponential function is a function of the form : a.b x where a is a
constant it is initial value of starting point.
B is the base (growth or decay factor) and b>0 and x is the exponent it is an
independent variable
. Behavior of Exponential Functions
1. Growth or Decay
. If b>1 , the function represents exponential growth
. if 0<b<1 the function represents exponential decay
2. Graph Shape
The graph is a curve that is always increasing (growth) or decreasing (decay)
. It never touches the x-axis but approaches it asymptotically
3- key features
. Y-intercept : always at (0,a), since f(0) = a.b = a
. The function never crosses the x-axis, so it has no x-intercept
4. Rate of changes
• The rate of change is proportional to the function Itself which means that
exponential functions grow (increase) or decay (decrease) faster over time.
5- Graphical behavior
Exponential growth (a > 1) * epsilon Curve rises sharply
Exponential decay (0 < a < 1) Curve approaches zero as x tends to infinity.
 4. How can you identify and differentiate

03 Applications between these types of functions?

Of Functions To identify and differentiate between types of

functions, you can analyze their equations,
graph shape, and their characteristics
In Real Life
Functions model relationships between variables and are used in
finances engineering, medicine and computing to predict outcomes and
Solve problems.
-How are functions used in scientific modeling?.
1- Describing Relationships: Functions show how one variable depends on
another, like in physics (eg: position vs. time in motion) or biology (eg population
growth models)
2-Simplifying, complex systems: Functions simplify complex systems into manageable models,
such as chemical reaction rates of environmental pollutant spread.
3-optimization: Functions are used to find optimal solutions like minimizing energy use in
engineering or maximizing profit in economics.
4-Differential Equations : Functions in the form of differential equations described how things
change overtime, kike the cooling of an object of population dynamics.
-In what ways do engineers use functions
to solve problems?
1. Modeling systems : Engineers use functions to represent physical systems Such as Forces in
mechanics of voltage in circuits (eg. F=ma of V=IR)
2-Analyzing, Behavior: Functions help understand how systems react we under different
conditions, like stress on materials mat. of temperature changes in thermal systems
3- Cost and Revenue Analysis: Functions model now and revenues change with out put levels
to inform business decisions Change
4-Time series Analysis : functions analyse historical data to identify trends and forecast future
economic indicators.
- Can you provide examples of functions used in every day situations?
-Travel = Time = distances ÷ speed.
- work pay: pay = hourly rate x hours worked
- Electricity use: Energy = power x time.
Example: Travel = time = distance over Speed
To calculate how long it will take to reach a destination, you divide the distance by your speed.
For destination, you divide the distance by your speed example, if you're travelling 100 miles
at 50 miles per how, the time it will take is : Time 100 divide 50 = 2 hours
 Graphical
04 Representation of
Functions:
1. How are the functions shown on a graph ?
A function shows how each input (x) has exactly one output (y).On a graph, we plot points
where x and y values meet .
Connecting these points shows the shape or curve of the function.
2. What do different functions look like on a graph?

- Linear Function (y = mx + b):A straight line. It increases or decreases at a constant rate.

-- Quadratic Function (y = ax² + bx + c):A U-shaped curve called a parabola. It has a highest
or lowest point called the vertex.
-Cubic Function (y = x³):Looks like an S-curve. It goes up on one side and down on the
other.
- Square Root Function (y = √x):Starts at zero and rises slowly. Only exists for x ≥ 0.
- Exponential Function (y = a^x):Starts low and rises really fast. If the base is between 0
and 1, it decreases.
- Reciprocal Function (y = 1/x):Two curved lines in opposite corners. They never touch
the x or y-axis (called asymptotes).
3. How can you understand the behavior of a graph?

Where the graph crosses the x-axis: Those are the zeros or roots
(when y = 0).
Going up or down: Shows if the function is increasing or decreasing.
Highest or lowest points: These are called maximums or minimums.
Asymptotes: Lines the graph gets close to but never crosses.

4. Tools you can use to graph functions easily:

Desmos (website/app): Very user-friendly.

GeoGebra: Great for exploring math ideas.
Wolfram Alpha: Type in a function, it graphs it.
Graphing calculators: Like the TI-84 if you have one.