ch1 Introductory Concepts

Digital System Design
Chapter 1
Introductory Concepts
Thái Truyển Đại Chấn
Outline
• Numerical Representations
• Digital and Analog Systems
• Digital Number Systems
• Representing Binary Quantities
• Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
• Parallel and Serial Transmission
• Memory
• Digital Computers
Numerical Representations
In analog representation a quantity is represented by a
continuously variable, proportional indicator.
magnitude
In digital representation the quantities are represented not by
continuously variable indicators but by symbols called digits
t = the height of mercury column  analog
x = temperature measured by a ruler and

rounded to an integer  digital
E.g., x = -20, 10, 37 degrees
In electrical analog representation,
The physical quantity  a proportional voltage or current (electrical signal).
This voltage or current is then used by the system for display, processing, or
control purposes
Speaker
Tape recorder
Microphone
Analog ≡ Continuous
Digital ≡ Discrete (step by step)

Digital and Analog Systems
• Advantages of digital techniques
• Digital systems are generally easier to design
• Information storage is easy
• Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain throughput
the system
• Operation can be programmed
• Digital circuit are less affected by noise
• More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips
• Limitations of digital techniques
• The real world is analog
• Processing digitized signals takes time
• Analog-Digital-Analog systems
• Convert the physical variable to an electrical signal
(analog)
• Convert the electrical (analog) signal into digital form
• Process (operate on) the digital information.
• Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog
form.
• Precision digital temperature control system
• A magnetic levitation system suspending
Digital Number Systems
• Decimal system
positional-value system
Digital Number Systems
• Binary system
Binary digit ≡ bit

Representing Binary Quantities
• History of binary number system
• The modern binary number system was
devised by Gottfried Leibniz (a German
polymath and philosopher) in 1679
Appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt,

China, and India
Eight trigrams (Bagua, Bát quái) in I Ching (易經, Kinh Dịch),
• Represented by any device with only two
states
• A switch: closed or open
• Compact disc (CD)
• Digital lock
• Light bulb (bright or dark)
• Diode (conducting or non-conducting)
• Electromagnet (energized or de-energized)
• Transistor (cut off or saturated)
• Photocell (illuminated or dark)
• Thermostat (open or closed)
• Spot on a magnetic disk (magnetized or
demagnetized).
• In electronic digital systems
• Voltage
• Current
timing diagram
Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
• Logic Circuits
Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits
• Digital Integrated Circuits
• An integrated circuit ≡ monolithic integrated circuit ≡ IC ≡
chip ≡ microchip
• A set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or
"chip") of semiconductor material
• Types: CMOS, TTL, NMOS, and ECL
Parallel and Serial Transmission
• Parallel transmission
Parallel and Serial Transmission
• Serial transmission
Memory
Digital Computers
• Definition
• A system of hardware that performs arithmetic
operations, manipulates data (usually in binary form), and
makes decisions
• Computer vs. Human
• Much greater speed and accuracy
• Calculations and operations one step at a time
• A complete set of instructions that tell it exactly what to
do at each step  program
Digital Computers
• Major Parts of a Computer
Digital Computers
• Type of computers by size and mobility
• Microcomputer, personal computer
• Stationary: workstation, desktop, smart TV, smart speaker, …
• Mobile: laptop, tablet, information appliance (PDA, ..), mobile phone
(smartphone, …), …
• Midrange: server, minicomputer, …
• Large: supercomputer, mainframe computer, …
• Types of computer by purpose

• General-purpose microcomputer
• Dedicated computer
• Microprocessor, microcomputer
Summary
Representing the numerical value of physical quantities
Analog, digital
Most quantities in the real world are
Analog
Digital techniques are generally superior
A basic number system used in digital tech is

Binary number system
Digital/logic circuit: voltages in prescribed ranges represent
Binary 0 or 1
Summary
Two basic ways to transfer digital information are
Parallel, serial
The main parts of all computers

Input, control, memory, arithmetic/logic, output units
The combination of arithmetic/logic and control units makes up

The CPU (central processing unit)
Summary
A microcomputer with CPU on a single chip is called

A microprocessor
A microcomputer designed for dedicated applications is called
A microcontroller

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Digital System Design

t = the height of mercury column  analog

x = temperature measured by a ruler and

Digital ≡ Discrete (step by step)

Binary digit ≡ bit

Appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt,

• Types of computer by purpose

A basic number system used in digital tech is

The main parts of all computers

The combination of arithmetic/logic and control units makes up

A microcomputer with CPU on a single chip is called

A microcomputer designed for dedicated applications is called

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