Scribd
Upload
11 views

Lecture #1

Uploaded by

Nahom Biniyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Lecture #1

Uploaded by

Nahom Biniyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Chapter 1: Digital Data

Representation
1. Systems: Digital and Analog

Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad categories,


analog and digital.

Analog Electronics
o Continuous valued quantities (Analog quantities)
Digital Electronics
o Discrete valued quantities (Digital quantities)
• Digital quantity: Quantity having discrete set of values.

1
Analog quantities:

 Quantities having continuous values.

 Most measurable quantities occur in nature in analog form.

Examples: Temprature, Time, pressure, distance, sound

 Consider an analog signal which varies continuously in time

2
 If we sample the signal at discrete times (τ, 2τ, 3τ, . . .) we will obtain the values

indicated by the solid circles on Figure (b). However, the signal itself is not a digital

representation of analog quantity.

3
 Furthermore, if we consider the quantization of the signal at these discrete sampling

times we obtain the signal indicated on Figure (c) which is a digital signal.

4
A complete Digital representation of analog quantity is
shown below

Analog

Digital
5
Analog vs Digital

Digital system is said to be always better than the analog


system.
An analog electronic system
 Public address system
 Microphone, linear amplifier & speaker

7
System Using Analog and Digital method
 CD player
 CD drive, Digital to analog converter (DAC), linear amplifier and
speaker.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier


Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

 Both digital and analog circuits


8
Advantages of digital circuits over analog
 Easier to design.
 Information storage is easier and larger.
 Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain.
 Operation can be programmed.
 Less affected by noise.
 More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips.

 Speed
 Economy
 Steadily advancing technology

9
Easier to Design
There are only two different voltage levels to be considered
in the digital system.
The design is logical.

10
Information Storage is Easy
Can be kept as long as necessary in digital memory.
Can be stored more compactly.

CD ~ 700 Mb Memory Card ~ 4 Gb Pen Drive ~ 1 Gb

11
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain.
The digital information does not deteriorate once it is stored.
The analog information maybe distorted by the effect of
temperature, humidity etc.

Operation can be Programmed


It is easy to program the operation of the digital system.
The operations in the analog system are complex and
difficult to program.

12
Less affected by Noise
The exact voltage is not important in the digital system.

VH(max)
HIGH
VH(min)
Unallowed
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)

Logic level

13
Compactness
Analog components cannot be
economically integrated.
 High-value capacitors, precision
resistors, inductors and transformers.

 Digital circuits possible !


 Processor.

14
Speed
 Today’s digital devices are very fast. Individual transistors in the fastest

integrated circuits can switch in less than 10 picoseconds.

Economy
 Digital circuits can provide a lot of functionality in a small space .

Steadily advancing technology


 In a digital system, there will be a faster, cheaper, or otherwise better

technology for it with in a few years.

15
Limitations of Digital System
 The real world is analog.
 Processing digitized signals
takes time.
01011010

16
2. Data Representation Mechanisms
Digital electronics involves circuits and systems in which
there are only two possible states.
 Two different voltage levels: HIGH and LOW

Code: Combination of the two states


- Represent numbers, symbols, alphabetic
character and other type of information.

17
Binary number system: two-state number system
- The two digits (bits) are 0 and 1

In positive logic: [used throughout the course]


-The bit 1 is represented by a higher
voltage level and 0 is represented by
lower voltage level.
HIGH=1 LOW=0

In negative logic:
- The bit 1 is represented by LOW and 0 is
represented by HIGH.

18
Ideally, one voltage level represents HIGH and another
voltage levels represents LOW.
However, in practice, HIGH and LOW can be ranges of
voltages.

 Thevoltage values between VL(max) and VH(min) are unacceptable for


19 proper operation.
Topic References

Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals.


John F. Wakerly, Digital Design Principles &
Practices.

20

You might also like