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Digital Logic Design Chapter 1

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68 views10 pages

Digital Logic Design Chapter 1

Uploaded by

engineerhaile1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter one

Introduction to Digital Systems

1
Introduction
In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields, we are constantly dealing with
quantities.

 Quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated arithmetically, observed, or in some


other way utilized in most physical systems.

 It is important when dealing with various quantities that we be able to represent their values
efficiently and accurately.

 There are basically two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities:

Analog

Digital.

2
Introduction
Analog representation
In analog representation a quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is
proportional to the value of that quantity.
The example are: the automobile speedometer, the common mercury thermometer, audio
microphone …..etc.
Analog quantities such as those cited above have an important characteristic: they can vary over
a continuous range of values.

Figure 1: Graph of
an analog quantity
(temperature versus
time).

3
Introduction
Digital representation
In digital representation the quantities represented not by proportional quantities but by
symbols called digits.
As an example, consider the digital watch, as we know, the time of day changes
continuously, but the digital watch reading does not change continuously; rather, it
changes in steps of one per minute (or per second).
In other words, this digital representation of the time of day changes in discrete steps, as
compared with the representation of time provided by an analog watch, where the dial
reading changes continuously.
In general, the major difference between analog and digital quantities, then, can be simply
stated as follows:
Analog = Continuous
Digital = Discrete

4
Introduction
If we take the temp. each hour, we are sampling the above graph

Figure 2: Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog quantity of Figure 1.

Each value represented by a dot can be digitized by representing it as a digital code that consists of a series
of 1s and 0s.
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Advantages of digital techniques
Digital systems are generally easier to design: This is because the circuits that are used
are switching circuits.
 Information storage is easy: This is accomplished by special devices and circuits that can
latch onto digital information and hold it for as long as necessary.
 Accuracy and precision are greater: Digital data can be stored more compactly/easily
and reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity.
 Operation can be easily programmed: It is fairly easy to design a digital systems whose
operation is controlled by a set of stored instruction called program.
 Digital circuits are less affected by noise: Since the exact value of voltage is not
important in digital systems.
 More digital circuits can be fabricated on IC chips: Due to its relative Complexity and
economical problem, analog s/m can’t achieve the same degree of integration.

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The Only major drawback when using digital techniques is:- the real world is mainly analog.

 Most physical quantities are analog in nature, and they need to be monitored, operated on, and
controlled by the system.
 E.g. Temperature, Pressure, velocity, liquid levels, flow rate …etc.

 We are in the habit of expressing these quantities digitally, such as when we say that the
temperature is 64°.

To take advantage of digital techniques when dealing with analog inputs and outputs, three steps
must be followed:
Convert the real-world analog inputs to digital form(by using ADC).
Process (operate on) the digital information.
Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog form (by using DAC).

7
• Finally using a bunch of circuit board
The switches
a digital system can be made like a
are the hearts
of DS computer

• A digital systems are constructed using

• Using bunches of switches chips can electronic circuit and these electronic

be made and a bunch of switch intern circuits are either in on or off state
is used to make a circuit board.

8
• Digital systems are electronic systems that uses digital signal

• The best example of digital system is general purpose computer

• The DS represents information in discrete symbols

• digital systems are constructed from three basic elements namely: logic memory
and communication channel

• Where the logic operate on symbol, memory stores information and


communication channel moves the information to the required place

9
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