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Lecture 1 - Introduction

Database management system

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Lecture 1 - Introduction

Database management system

Uploaded by

Harrysteas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ICT 053: Computer

Arithmetics & Digital Logic

Lecture 1
Course Content
• Introduction to Computer Arithmetic
• Number Systems/Coding system
• Number conversions
• Binary operations
• Introduction to Computer Logic Circuits
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Boolean Algebra
• Logical operators
• Combinational logic
Introduction to Computer Arithmetic

• Computer arithmetic is a branch of computer engineering that deals


with methods of representing integers and real values (e.g., fixed-
and floating-point numbers) in digital systems

• DIGITAL & COMPUTER SYSTEMS - Digital System


• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal
information (system state) and generates a set of discrete information
outputs.
Introduction..
• Electronics can be broadly classified into two groups,. analog
electronics and digital electronics
• Analog electronics deals with things that are continuous in nature and
digital electronics deals with things that are discrete in nature.
• But they are very much interlinked.
• For example, if we consider a bucket of water, then it is analog in terms of the
content i.e., water, but it is discrete in terms of the container, time, voltage etc.
• Most of you guys you know electronic amplifiers which are used to
amplify electronic signals.
• Now these signals usually have a continuous value and hence can take
up any value within a given range, and are known as analog signals.
Introduction …
• On the other side, in a computer, the input is given with the help of the
switches.
• Then this is converted into electronic signals, which have two distinct
discrete levels or values.
• HIGH level and LOW level
• As long as the signal is within a pre-specified range of HIGH and LOW,
the actual value of the signal is not that important
• Such signals are called digital signals and the circuit within the device is
called a digital circuit.
• The system based on such concept is an example of a digital system.
• Digital circuits find applications in computers, telephones, radar
navigation, data processing, and many other applications
DIGITAL & COMPUTER SYSTEMS - Digital System

 Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal information


(system state) and generates a set of discrete information outputs.

Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs

System State
Chapter 1 6
Types of Digital Systems

 No state present
• Combinational Logic System
• Output = Function(Input)
 State present
• State updated at discrete times
• State updated at any time

A digital system is a system which deals with discrete signal. The input and output of this
system is two binary value which is 0 and 1. Examples of digital systems are mobile
phones, radio, megaphones and many more.

Chapter 1 7
Digital System Example:

A Digital Counter (e. g., odometer):

Count Up
Reset 0 0 1 3 5 6 4

Inputs: Count Up, Reset


Outputs: Visual Display
State: "Value" of stored digits
Odometer - an instrument for measuring the distance travelled by a wheeled vehicle .

Chapter 1 8
Digital Computer Example

Memory

Control
CPU unit Datapath

Inputs:
Outputs: LCD
keyboard, mouse,
screen, wireless,
wireless, Input/Output speakers
microphone

Chapter 1 9
And Beyond – Embedded Systems

 Computers as integral parts of other products


 Examples of embedded computers
• Microcomputers
• Microcontrollers
• Digital signal processors

Chapter 1 10
Embedded Systems

 Examples of Embedded Systems Applications


• Cell phones
• Automobiles
• Video games
• Copiers
• Dishwashers
• Flat Panel TVs
• Global Positioning Systems

Chapter 1 11
INFORMATION REPRESENTATION -
Signals
 Information variables represented by physical quantities.
 For digital systems, the variables take on discrete values.
 Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values in digital
systems.
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
• digits 0 and 1
• words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
• words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
• and words On and Off.
 Binary values are represented by values or ranges of values of physical
quantities

Chapter 1 12
Signal Examples Over Time

Time

Continuous
Analog in value &
time
Digital

Chapter 1 13
Binary Values: Other Physical Quantities

 What are other physical quantities represent 0


and 1?
• CPU Voltage
• Disk Magnetic Field Direction
• CD Surface Pits/Light
• Dynamic RAM Electrical Charge

Chapter 1 14
Binary, bits and bytes
Binary

• At its very lowest level a computer operates by turning on or off


millions of tiny switches, called transistors.
• In computers these transistors can only be in one of two states; that
is, on or off
• Such devices are thus referred to as two-state devices.
• Another example of a two-state device might be a normal house light
switch.
• It is either on or off, with no intermediate state.
• The states of ‘on’ and ‘off’ can be represented by the numbers 1 and 0
Binary…
• In mathematics the term binary is used to refer to a number system
which has only two digits, that is 1 and 0.
• The number system we use in everyday life has ten digits, 0 to 9, and
is called denary (Decimal).
• The binary system is the smallest number system that can be used to
provide information
Binary…
• Any number from our normal, denary system can be represented in
binary; 0 in denary is 0 in binary. Similarly 1 in denary is 1 in binary.
• When you get to 2 in denary you have a problem.
• There are no more symbols in binary; you are restricted to only 1 and
0.
• So how do you represent two?
• This question is similar to asking how you represent ten in denary
(decimal)
The table below shows how denary
numbers convert to binary
What is binary used for?
• You can represent any denary number in binary.
• It is also possible to represent any letter of the alphabet, or other
character, using binary by simply assigning a code to it in the
computer.
• For instance, there is an agreed representation of text known as
International Alphabet Number 5 (IA-5) in which the letter ‘A’ is
represented by the binary pattern 1000001.
• When I type the letter A, this binary number will be stored in my
computer (equivalent to entry 65 in ASCII – Details later), later
displayed and vice versa
Bits and Bytes
• The term bit is an acronym for the expression Binary Digit.
• By definition, it is “a single digit in a binary numbering scheme”,
meaning it can take on one of two values: 0 and 1 (a binary
condition).
• It is a mutually exclusive state: Something either isn’t (‘0’), or it is (‘1’).
• It is also the basic unit of information storage.
Bits and Bytes …
• So computers work by manipulating 1s and 0s.
• These are binary digits, or bits for short.
• Single bits are too small to be much use, so they are grouped together into
units of 8 bits. Each 8-bit unit is called a byte.
• A byte is the basic unit which is passed around the computer, often in groups.
• Because of this the number 8 and its multiples have become important in
computing.
• The key point to appreciate is that although basing your entire system on
only two digits may seem limiting, these two digits can be used to represent
almost anything
The components of a computer
• The key to your computer is a chip called the microprocessor.
• This is its brains, and is where most of the computing takes place
THREE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS
• The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) - this is the unit which does the
actual work of the computer. (The base of the course)
• As well as the four basic mathematical functions of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, it has comparison capabilities
such as =, >, < (equals, more than, less than).
• The control unit - this unit controls the flow of data from the
computer's memory into the ALU and to other devices.
• The memory.
Written Homework:

Explain about number systems and discuss the following number systems:
i. Decimal number system
ii. Denary
iii. Binary
iv. Octal
v. Hexadecimal
END

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