Why do we study digital logic design

• Most of the time you just focus on software.

– How computer hardware/digital devices works?
• We need to study DLD
– Logic gates can be used to implement
• Operation performed in ALU
– Binary adder
• Memory
– Registers (holds and shifts data)
– RAM
– ROM
• Decoders-Encoders (Keyboard keys to binary data : Monitor)
• Addressing (Number system-Bin-Hex-Dec):
• Multiplexers (data selectors): various data from various input
devices

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 Digital and Analog Quantities
• Electronic circuits can be divided into two
broad categories, digital and analog.
• Digital electronics involves quantities with
discrete values, and analog electronics
involves quantities with continuous values.
 Digital and Analog Quantities
• Analog quantities have continuous value
– Defined for all time t (0 to t : undefined number of
points with continuous values)
• Temperature, pressure, sound, heart beat

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 Digital and Analog Quantities
• Digital quantities have discrete (distinct / clear) values
– Defined for duration (instance) of time t (0 to t: defined value over
defined time)
• Advantages of digital quantity
– Noise can not affect digital quantity/signal easily
• Can be stored and reproduced easily
• Can processed and transmitted more easily and efficiently

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 An Analog System
• A public address system, used to amplify sound so that it can be heard by a large
audience, is one simple example of an application of analog electronics.
• The basic diagram in Figure illustrates that sound waves, which are analog in
nature, are picked up by a microphone and converted to a small analog voltage
called the audio signal.
• This voltage varies continuously as the volume and frequency of the sound
changes and is applied to the input of a linear amplifier.
• The output of the amplifier, which is an increased reproduction of input voltage,
goes to the speaker(s).
• The speaker changes the amplified audio signal back to sound waves that have a
much greater volume than the original sound waves picked up by the microphone.
 A System Using Digital and Analog Methods
• The compact disk (CD) player is an example of a system in which both digital and
analog circuits are used.
• The simplified block diagram in Figure illustrates the basic principle.
• Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk.
• A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data from the rotating disk and
transfers it to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
• The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is an electrical
reproduction of the original music.
• This signal is amplified and sent to the speaker for you to enjoy.
• When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process, essentially the
reverse of the one described here, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was
used.
 Binary Digits
• Digital electronics involves circuits and systems in which there are
only two possible states.
• These states are represented by two different voltage levels: A
HIGH and a LOW.
• The two states can also be represented by current levels, bits and
bumps on a CD or DVD, etc.
• In digital systems such as computers, combinations of the two
states, called codes, are used to represent numbers, symbols,
alphabetic characters, and other types of information.
• The two-state number system is called binary, and its two digits are
0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit.
 Logic Levels
• The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels.
• Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage level represents a LOW.
• In a practical digital circuit, however, a HIGH can be any voltage between a specified
minimum value and a specified maximum value.
• Likewise, a LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a specified maximum.
• There can be no overlap between the accepted range of HIGH levels and the accepted range
of LOW levels.
 Digital Waveforms
• Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back
and forth between the HIGH and LOW levels or states.
• Figure(a) shows that a single positive-going pulse is generated
when the voltage (or current) goes from its normally LOW level to
its HIGH level and then back to its LOW level.
• The negative-going pulse in Figure (b) is generated when the
voltage goes from its normally HIGH level to its LOW level and back
to its HIGH level.
• A digital waveform is made up of a series of pulses.
 The Pulse
• A pulse has two edges: a leading edge that occurs first at
time t0 and a trailing edge that occurs last at time t1.
• For a positive-going pulse, the leading edge is a rising edge,
and the trailing edge is a falling edge.
• The pulses in Figure are ideal because the rising and falling
edges are assumed to change in zero time
(instantaneously).
• In practice, these transitions never occur instantaneously,
although for most digital work you can assume ideal pulses.
 Nonideal Pulse
• In reality, all pulses exhibit some or all of these characteristics.
• The overshoot and ringing are sometimes produced by stray inductive and
capacitive effects.
• The droop can be caused by stray capacitive and circuit resistance, forming an RC
circuit with a low time constant.
• The time required for a pulse to go from its LOW level to its HIGH level is called the
rise time (tr), and the time required for the transition from the HIGH level to the
LOW level is called the fall time (tf).
• The pulse width (tW) is a measure of the duration of the pulse and is often defined
as the time interval between the 50% points on the rising and falling edges.
Relationship between period, frequency and duty cycle
Example
 HomeWork#01
• A periodic digital waveform has a pulse width
of 50 microseconds and a period of 300
microseconds. Determine the frequency and
the duty cycle.
 A Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information
• Binary information that is handled by digital
systems appears as waveforms that represent
sequences of bits.
• When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is
present; when the waveform is LOW, a binary
0 is present.
• Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time
interval called a bit time.
 The Clock

• In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized with a basic

timing waveform called the clock.
• The clock is a periodic waveform in which each interval
between pulses (the period) equals the time for one bit.

Example of a clock waveform synchronized with a waveform representation

of a sequence of bits.
 Timing Diagrams
• A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the
actual time relationship of two or more waveforms and how
each waveform changes in relation to the others.
 Data Transfer
• Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type of information.
• Binary data, which are represented by digital waveforms, must be transferred from
one device to another within a digital system or from one system to another in
order to accomplish a given purpose.
• For example, numbers stored in binary form in the memory of a computer must
be transferred to the computer’s central processing unit in order to be added.
• The sum of the addition must then be transferred to a monitor for display and/or
transferred back to the memory.
• As illustrated in Figure , binary data are transferred in two ways:
• serial
and
• parallel.
 Basic Logic Functions
• In its basic form, logic is the realm of human reasoning that tells you a certain
proposition (declarative statement) is true if certain conditions are true.
• Propositions can be classified as true or false.
• Many situations and processes that you encounter in your daily life can be
expressed in the form of propositional, or logic, functions.
• Since such functions are true/false or yes/no statements, digital circuits with
their two-state characteristics are applicable.
 Basic logic operations
• NOT gate AND gate
OR gate

All inputs are If any input is

1 then output 1 then output
• 1 to 0 is 1, else 0 is 1
• 0 to 1

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