Signal Spectra and Signal Processing (SSPL01E)

Digital Signal Processing (SSPL01E)

Lecture 1
Eng’r Rianne Arne S. Reyes
 Introduction to
Digital Signal Processing
Introduction
What do these images have in common?

Voice Heartbeat Seismogram

ANALOG SIGNALS
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Analog Signals Around Us
Most of the things around us are Analog

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Analog Signals are Inputs to our Modern Computing
Analog going to a Digital Devices

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Even Our Cars has Computers Already
And Takes Analog Signals as Well

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What’s in it for me?
More & more Signals are being processed by Computing Machines
• Computers are becoming more complex
• Smaller and Cheaper
• Highly Reliable
• Easy to Manipulate with just some Software Code Changes

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What is really a signal?

• SIGNAL
> any physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other
independent variable or variables
> mathematically described as a function of one or more
independent variables

𝑺𝟏 𝒕 = 𝟓𝒕 𝑺𝟏 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎𝒕𝟐 𝑺 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟐

Varies Linearly Varies Quadratically Two independent variables (x,y)
with Time with Time as spatial coordinates in a plane
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Basic Elements of a Digital Processing System

• Most of the Signals in Science and Engineering are Analog and

can be processed directly by appropriate Analog Systems
> Examples are Filters and Frequency Analyzers

Analog Analog Analog

Signal Signal Signal
Input Processor Output

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Basic Elements of a Digital Processing System
Interface Between the Analog Signal and the Digital Processor is
needed for DSP

Analog to Digital Converter Digital to Analog Converter

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Advantages of Digital Signal Processing of an Analog
Signal
• Digital programmable system allows flexibility in reconfiguring the digital
signal processing operations by changing the program
> Analog system reconfiguration typically involved HW changes including testing and
validations
• Accuracy considerations. Tolerances on analog components on a system
makes it difficult for system designer to control
> Imagine: 100K ohm 5% Tolerance + 10K 5% Tolerance + 1K 5% Tolerance
• Digital Signals can be easily stored on different magnetic media
(tape/disk) without deterioration and loss of fidelity beyond what is
introduced by ADC/DAC conversion
• On some case, digital signal processing is Cheaper
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> Digital Hardware is cheaper because of its flexibility to changes – adaptability
Digital Signal Processing is Widely Used due to its
advantages

• Speech Processing
• Telephone Channels
• Image Processing
• Transmissions
• Seismology
• Oil Explorations
• Detection of signals from outer space

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Digital Signal Processing Limitations
Does it have one?

A/D Converter Speed Digital Signal Processor Speed

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Classification of Signals
Classifications of Signals

Multi-channel Signals Multi-dimensional Signals

• Signals Generated from Multiple • Signals Generated from Multiple
Sources or Multiple Sensors Independent Variables
𝑠1(𝑡)
S3(t)= 𝑠2(𝑡) 𝐼 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
𝑠3(𝑡)
• Examples is ECG (Electrocardiograms) • Example is Black and White TV
> 3 leads or 12 leads > Intensity and Brightness as a function of
Time

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Classification of Signals
Multi-channel and Multi-dimensional Signal
• Colored TV is considered as 3-channel and 3-dimension Signal
• Signal is the brightness of Red, Green, and Blue as a function of
time

𝐼𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
I (x, y, t)= 𝐼𝑔 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
𝐼𝑏 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)

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Classification of Signals
Continuous Time Signals Discrete Time Signals
• “Analog Signals” • Defined on certain specific
• Defined for every single value values of time
of time • Not required, but in practice,
• Take values on continuous are done equidistant
interval

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Classification of Signals
Continuous Valued Signals Discrete Valued Signals
• Signal takes all the possible • “Digital Signal”
values on the infinite or finite • Signal takes values from a
range finite set of possible values

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Classification of Signals
Deterministic Signals Random Signals
• Can be described by explicit • Cannot be descrived by any
mathematical expression, table of reasonable degree of accuracy by
data, well-defined rule explicit mathematical formulas, or
• All values of signal (past, present, too complicated for any practical
future) are known precisely, use
without uncertainty

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Applications of DSP to the Real World
Digital audio coding such as CD players and MP3 players, digital crossover,
Digital audio and digital audio equalizers, digital stereo and surround sound, noise reduction
speech systems, speech coding, data compression and encryption, speech synthesis
and speech recognition
Speech recognition, high-speed modems, echo cancellation, speech
Digital telephone synthesizers, DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency) generation and detection,
answering machines
Active noise control systems, active suspension systems, digital audio and radio,
Automobile industry
digital controls, vibration signal analysis

Electronic Cellular phones, digital telecommunications, wireless LAN (local area

communications networking), satellite communications

Medical imaging ECG analyzers, cardiac monitoring, medical imaging and image recognition,
equipment digital X-rays and image processing
Internet phones, audio and video, hard disk drive electronics, iPhone, iPad,
Multimedia
digital pictures, digital cameras, text-to-voice and voice-to-text technologies

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DSP Application in the Real World
• Two Band Digital Crossover • Elimination of 60Hz
Interference on ECG

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DSP Application in the Real World
• Simplified Data Compressor

• Simplified Data Expander (decompressor)

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DSP Application in the Real World
• Simplified encoder of the CD recording system

• Simplified decoder of the CD recording system

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Summary
• Analog Signal
> Continuous signal in both Time and Amplitude
> Current, Voltage, Temperature, Pressure, Light Intensity, and so on.
• Digital signal
> Contains the digital values converted from the analog signal at the specified time instants
> Can be manipulated using arithmetic. Manipulations include digital filtering, and the likes
> Can be converted back to an analog signal by sending the digital values to DAC to produce the
corresponding voltage levels and applying a smooth filter (reconstruction filter) to the DAC voltage steps.
• Applications of Digital Signal Processing
> digital speech and audio > communications
> digital and cellular telephones > biomedical imaging
> automobile controls > image/video processing, and multimedia
> vibration signal analysis

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