Practical Research 1

Second Semester

Mrs. Noreen M. Morales (Teacher)

 Opening Prayer

Dear Lord,

We thank you for this day and the many blessings we have received.
We ask that you would bless the work that we do here in our online class
and give us patience, courage, and perseverance to face whatever
challenges may come. Bless our teachers and students with wisdom to
learn from each other. Help us to be good stewards of your creation.

In Jesus name, Amen

Attendance
Checking
Learning Objectives
Describe sampling procedure and
sample;
Differentiate the various methods of
sampling;

Pick out an appropriate sampling method

and sample for a chosen research topic.
 Describing
Sampling Procedure
and Sample
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Sample
It refers to a portion or part of the population that
is representative of the population.
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Respondents
They are individuals or groups of people who
actively serve as sources of information during
data collection.
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Sampling
It refers to your method or process of selecting
respondents or people to answer questions meant
to yield data for a research study
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Population
It is the bigger group from where you choose the
sample that possess some common
characteristics.
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Sampling Frame
It is the term used to mean the list of the
members of such population from where you will
get the sample.
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Probability Sampling
In this sampling method, every member of the
population has a known chance of participating in
the study.
 Unlocking of Difficulty

Non-probability Sampling
In this sampling method, NOT each population
member has a chance to participate in the study.
 Stirring Up Imagination
Directions: Pretend that you are cooking a meal for your family. You are preparing
your specialty dishes- pork adobo and sinigang na bangus-and, of course,
steamed white rice to complete the meal. You are almost finished, but you want
to check if everything tastes good and has been cooked just the way your family
likes it. What will you do?
 Guide Questions:
1. Of course, you do not eat everything to find out
how the dishes taste. But how much do you need
to eat to find out whether or not the dishes are as
desired?
2. The rice and even the adobo are more or less
homogeneous. What about the sinigang and its
multiple ingredients? How do you check if it is
well done and tasty?
3. How do you think is this activity related to
research?
 History of Sampling
The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the
early political activities of the Americans, in 1920 when
Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the
American citizens’ favorite among the 1920 presidential
candidates. This was the very first survey that served as
the impetus for the discovery by academic researchers
of other sampling strategies that they categorized into
two classes: probability sampling and non-probability
sampling. (Babbie, 2013)
 Advantages of Sampling (Brown, 2006)
1. Makes the research of any type and size
manageable;
2. Significantly saves the cost of the research;
3. Results is more accurate in research findings;
4. Provides an opportunity to process the
information in a more efficient way;
5. Accelerates the speed of primary data collection
(Dudovskiy, 2016)
 Description of Sampling Procedure
Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random 1. Convenience
Sampling Sampling
2. Systematic Random 2. Purposive Sampling
Sampling 3. Quota Sampling
3. Stratified Random 4. Volunteer Sampling
Sampling
5. Snowball Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
 Probability Sampling Methods
Probability sampling is a type of sampling in
which all the members of an entire population
have a chance of being selected. This is also
called as scientific sampling, and is commonly
used in quantitative research.
Types of Probability
Sampling Method
 a. Simple Random Sampling
It is a method of choosing samples in which all the members
of the population are given an equal chance of being
selected. It is an unbiased way of selection, as samples are
drawn by chance. There are various ways of obtaining
samples through simple random sampling (Treece &
Treece, 1986). These include the roulette wheel, fishbowl
method, and the use of table of random numbers.
 Example: Observe the following steps using the fishbowl method:
1. The sampling frame, or a list of all the subjects or
elements of the population in question, should be
prepared.
2. All the names of the subjects or elements should be
written down on strips of paper (one name per strip of
paper).
3. The strips of paper with the listed names are then
placed in a bowl or container.
4. Samples can be drawn as desired.
 b. Systematic Random Sampling
It is a method of selecting every nth element of a
population, e.g., every fifth, eighth, ninth, or
eleventh element until the desired sample size is
reached.
 Example:
If you want to have a sample of 150, you may
select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out
of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15th
name on the list until you complete the total
number of respondents to constitute your
sample.
 c. Stratified Random Sampling
It is a method where the population is divided
into different strata (groups), and then the
sampling follows. Age, gender, and educational
qualifications are some possible criteria used to
divide a population into strata.
 Example:
A researcher will study the common effects
of smoking on high school students. The
researcher decides to select equal numbers
of students from the freshman, sophomore,
junior, and senior levels.
 d. Cluster Sampling
It is used in large-scale studies. Clusters are
representative samples of the population as a
whole. After the clusters are established, a simple
random sample of the clusters is drawn and the
members of the chosen clusters are sampled.
Sampling procedures are difficult and
time-consuming.
 Example:
A researcher wants to interview 100 teachers
across the country. It will be difficult and
expensive on their part to have respondents in
100 different cities or provinces. Cluster sampling
is helpful for the researcher who randomly selects
the regions (first cluster), then selects the schools
(second cluster), and then the number of
teachers.
 Non-Probability Sampling Methods
Non-Probability Sampling disregards random
selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen
based on their availability or the purpose of the
study, and in some cases, on the sole discretion
of the researcher. This is not a scientific way of
selecting respondents, and is commonly used in
qualitative research.
 Types of
Non-Probability
Sampling Method
 a. Convenience Sampling

It involves choosing respondents at

the convenience of the researcher. It is
also called accidental or incidental
sampling.
 Example:
A researcher intends to study the elementary
students of a particular school and has
determined the desired sample size. Due to the
study’s constraints, the elementary pupils who are
present at the time of the researcher’s visit to the
school will be chosen as respondents.
 b. Purposive Sampling

It involves hand-picking subjects,

usually to suit very specific intentions.
This is also called judgmental
sampling.
 Example:
In a study about honor students, the
researcher uses a list of honor students
and chooses the necessary number of
respondents, to the exclusion of all other
students.
 c. Quota Sampling
It is somewhat similar to stratified sampling, in that
the population is divided into strata, and the
researcher deliberately sets specific proportions in
the sample, whether or not the resulting proportion
is reflective of the total population. This is
commonly done to the ensure the inclusion of a
particular segment of the population.
 Example:
A researcher wants to survey the employees of a
company regarding their thoughts on the company’s
new policies. The researcher intends to have
representatives from all departments in his sample,
but one department is so small that doing random
sampling might result in that department not being
represented. The researcher then sets a quota of
respondents from that department to ensure their
inclusion in the sample.
 d. Volunteer Sampling

It involves people who self-select into

the survey. Often, these folks have a
strong interest in the main topic of the
survey.
 Example:
A noontime show like ‘It’s Showtime asks
viewers to participate in an online poll, or to
vote for the winner in “Tawag ng Tanghalan.”
This would be a volunteer sample since the
sample is chosen by the viewers, not by the
survey administrator.
 e. Snowball Sampling
It does not give a specific set of samples, similar to
snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly. This is true for a
study involving unspecified group of people. Dealing with
varied groups of people such as street children, drug
dependents, gang members, informal settlers, street
vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of
non-probability sampling.
A snowball sample is achieved by asking a participant to
suggest someone else who might be willing or appropriate
for the study.
Strategies to Obtain a
Quality Sample
1. Focus on the study

Make certain that the research

question is feasible and the
study answers a question with
clear variables.
2. Find a representative sample

Determine the necessary

addition and omission criteria
for the study population such
that findings can exactly
generalize or identify results to
the target group.
3. Determine a recruitment strategy

Spell out a plan to identify and

enroll study participants. This
may entail screening or
establishing criteria for
number, location, and
sampling method.
4. Consult with the community to identify and
recruit potential participants
Study existing infrastructure to
discover venues of contacting
suitable samples. Researchers
must also be considerate and
receptive to the
recommendation of local experts
and leaders.
5. Avoid selection bias

It is also essential
to recruit a fitting
comparison group.
6. Do not give up after the first attempt to
recruit a potential participant
Follow-up using various
communication strategies,
including personal, written, or
electronic messaging. The
importance of personal contact
should not be undervalued.
7. Allow flexibility in the process
If existing recruitment
strategies are resulting to
inadequate enrollment of
participants or modifications
are made in criteria of
participants, the solution may
be to change the sampling plan.
Are there questions?
Thank you!