DESCRIBING SAMPLING

PROCEDURE
• The following are important terminologies for you to take note:

Sample refers to a portion or part of the population that is

representative of the population.
Respondents are individuals or groups of people who actively serve as
sources of information during data collection

Sampling refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or

people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research
study
Population the bigger group from where you choose the sample that
possess some common characteristics
Sampling Frame is the term used to mean the list of the members of such
population from where you will get the sample

Probability Sampling In probability sampling, every member of the population has

a known chance of participating in the study.

Non-Probability Sampling In non-probability sampling, not each population member has

a chance to participate in the study.
• HISTORY OF SAMPLING -The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early political activities of the
Americans, in 1920 when Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the American citizens’ favorite among the
1920 presidential candidates. This was the very first survey that served as the impetus for the discovery by
academic researchers of other sampling strategies that they categorized into two classes: probability sampling and
non-probability sampling. (Babbie 2013) YOUR INITIAL TASK YOUR GUIDE 3 Brown (2006) summarizes the
advantages of sampling in the following points.
• a. Makes the research of any type and size manageable;
• b. Significantly saves the cost of the research;
• c. Results in more accurate research findings;
• d. Provides an opportunity to process the information in a more efficient way;
• e. Accelerates the speed of primary data collection (Dudovskiy, 2016)
 • DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING PROCEDURE
• There are numerous ways of getting a sample, but here are the most commonly used sampling methods.
Probability Sampling Method
• 1. Simple Random Sampling
• 2. Systematic Random Sampling
• 3. Stratified Random Sampling
• 4. Cluster Sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling Methods
• 1. Convenience Sampling
• 2. Purposive Sampling
• 3. Quota Sampling
• 4. Volunteer Sampling
• 5. Snowball Sampling
• 1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
• Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which all the members of an entire population have a
chance of being selected. This is also called as scientific sampling, and is commonly used in
quantitative research.
• a. Simple Random Sampling is a method of choosing samples in which all the members of the population are given an equal
chance of being selected. It is an unbiased way of selection, as samples are drawn by chance. There are various ways of
obtaining samples through simple random sampling (Treece & Treece, 1986). These include the roulette wheel, fishbowl
method, and the use of table of random numbers.
• Example: Observe the following steps using the fishbowl method:
• i. The sampling frame, or a list of all the subjects or elements of the population in question, should be
prepared.
• ii. All the names of the subjects or elements should be written down on strips of paper (one name per strip of
paper).
• iii. The strips of paper with the listed names are then placed in a bowl or container.
• iv. Samples can be drawn as desired.
• b. Systematic Random Sampling is a method of selecting every nth element of a population, e.g., every
fifth, eighth, ninth, or eleventh element until the desired sample size is reached.
• Example: If you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500
students, take every 15th name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to constitute your
sample.
• c. Stratified Random Sampling is a method where the population is divided into different strata
(groups), and then the sampling follows. Age, gender, and educational qualifications are some possible
criteria used to divide a population into strata.
• Example: A researcher will study the common effects of smoking on high school students. The researcher decides to
select equal numbers of students from the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior levels.
• d. Cluster Sampling is used in large-scale studies. Clusters are representative samples of the
population as a whole. After the clusters are established, a simple random sample of the clusters is
drawn and the members of the chosen clusters are sampled. Sampling procedures are difficult and
time-consuming.
• Example: A researcher wants to interview 100 teachers across the country. It will be difficult and expensive on their
part to have respondents in 100 different cities or provinces. Cluster sampling is helpful for the researcher who
randomly selects the regions (first cluster), then selects the schools (second cluster), and then the number of teachers .
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
• Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which all the members of an entire population have a
chance of being selected. This is also called as scientific sampling, and is commonly used in
quantitative research.
• a. Convenience Sampling involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher. It is also called accidental or
incidental sampling
• Example: A researcher intends to study the elementary students of a particular school and has determined the desired sample size. Due
to the study’s constraints, the elementary pupils who are present at the time of the researcher’s visit to the school will be chosen as
respondents.
• b. Purposive Sampling involves handpicking subjects, usually to suit very specific intentions. This is also called judgmental
sampling.
• Example: In a study about honor students, the researcher uses a list of honor students and chooses the necessary number of
respondents, to the exclusion of all other students.
• c. Quota Sampling is somewhat similar to stratified sampling, in that the population is divided into strata, and the researcher
deliberately sets specific proportions in the sample, whether or not the resulting proportion is reflective of the total population.
This is commonly done to the ensure the inclusion of a particular segment of the population.
• Example: A researcher wants to survey the employees of a company regarding their thoughts on the company’s new policies. The
researcher intends to have representatives from all departments in his sample, but one department is so small that doing random
sampling might result in that department not being represented. The researcher then sets a quota of respondents from that department to
ensure their inclusion in the sample.
 d. Volunteer Sampling involves people who self-select into the survey. Often, these folks have a strong interest in the main topic of the
survey.
Example: A noontime show like ‘It’s Showtime asks viewers to participate in an online poll, or to vote for the winner in “Tawag ng Tanghalan.” This
would be a volunteer sample since the sample is chosen by the viewers, not by the survey administrator.
e. Snowball Sampling does not give a specific set of samples, similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly. This is true for a study
involving unspecified group of people. Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children, drug dependents, gang members,
informal settlers, street vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of non-probability sampling.
A snowball sample is achieved by asking a participant to suggest someone else who might be willing or appropriate fro the study.

STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY SAMPLE

1. Focus on the study - Make certain that the research question is feasible and the study answers a question with clear
variables
2. Find a representative sample - Determine the necessary addition and omission criteria for the study population such
that findings cane exactly generalize or identify results to the target group.
3. Determine a recruitment strategy - Spell out a plan to identify and enroll study participants. This may entail screening
or establishing criteria fro number, location, and sampling method.
4. Consult with the community to identify and recruit potential participants - Study existing infrastructure to discover
venues of contacting suitable samples. Researchers must also be considerate and receptive to the recommendation
of local experts and leaders.
 5. Avoid selection bias - It is also essential to recruit a fitting comparison group

6. Do not give up after the first attempt to recruit a potential participant - Follow-up using various communication strategies,
including personal, written, or electronic messaging. The importance of personal contact should not be undervalued.

7. Allow flexibility in the process - If existing recruitment strategies are resulting to inadequate enrollment of participants or
modifications are made in criteria of participants, the solution may be to change the sampling plan.