PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

GRADE 11-STEM DESCARTES/EULER/GAUSS/ PASCAL

PREPARED BY: MS. SUSANA D. CARANTO

Sampling -In research, sampling is a word that refers to your method/process of selecting respondents
or people to answer questions meant to yield (produce/provide) data for a research study.

Sampling techniques-Population - is the entirety of the group including all the members that forms a set
of data. Ex.(City, School,Barangay) Sample - contains a few members of the population. They were taken
to represent the characteristics or traits of the whole population.

Sampling Errors - crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned. Sample size -
defined as the number of observations used for determining the estimations of a given population.

Sampling Frame- a list of the items or people forming a population from which a sample is taken.

HISTORY-THE BEGINNING OF SAMPLING COULD BE TRACED BACK TO THE EARLY POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
OF THE AMERICANS IN 1920 WHEN LITERARY DIGEST DID A PIONEERING SURVEY ABOUT THE AMERICAN
CITIZENS’ FAVORITE AMONG THE 1920 PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES. HISTORY Literary Digest (was an
influential American general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. Founded by Isaac
Kaufmann Funk in 1890). This was the very first survey that served as the impetus (the force that makes
something happen) for the discovery by academic researchers of other sampling strategies that they
categorized into two classes:

Probability Sampling Non - Probability Sampling

PROBABILITY SAMPLING/UNBIASED SAMPLING--EVERY MEMBER OF THE POPULATION HAS THE

Types of Probability Sampling

1. Simple random Sampling-This method involves randomly selecting a sample from the population
without any bias. It’s the most basic and straightforward form of probability sampling.

Example: The names of 25 employees being chosen out of a hat from a company of 250 employees. In
this case, the population is all 250 employees, and the sample is random because each employee has an
equal chance of being chosen.

2. Systematic Sampling This method involves selecting every nth member of the population after a
random starting point is chosen.

Example: Systematic sampling All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From the
first 10 numbers, you randomly select a starting point: number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th
person on the list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.

3. Stratified Sampling This method involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata and
selecting a random sample from each stratum. This technique is useful when the population is
heterogeneous(mixed) and you want to ensure that the sample is representative of different
subgroups.
Example: Stratified sampling The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You
want to ensure that the sample reflects the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population
into two strata based on gender. Then you use random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women
and 20 men, which gives you a representative sample of 100 people.

4. Cluster Sampling-This method involves dividing the population into groups or clusters and then
randomly selecting some of those clusters. This technique is useful when the population is
spread out over a large geographical area. But It is not possible or practical to survey everyone.

Example: Cluster sampling The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with roughly the
same number of employees in similar roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to
collect your data, so you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY

Non – probability Sampling - Not every member of the population has the equal chance of being
selected. It can rely on subjective judgement of the researcher.

1.QUOTA SAMPLING-You resort to quota sampling when you think you know the characteristics of the
target population.

In this case, you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of
the target population.Using a quota or a specific set of persons whom you believe to have the
characteristics of the target population involved in the study is your way of showing that the
sample you have choosen closely represents the target population. Quota sampling Proportion
of the groups in the population were considered in the number and selection of the
respondents.

2.Voluntary sampling-Since the subject you expect to participate in the sample selection are the ones
volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process.

3.Purposive Sampling-You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your
study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest in your study. Purposive Sampling Samples are
chosen based on the goals of the study. They may be chosen based on their knowledge of the study
being conducted or if they satisfy the traits or conditions set by the researcher. Voluntary sampling Since
the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the ones volunteering to constitute
the sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process.

4.Availability sampling-The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts a lot in
this non-probability sampling method. If during the data collection time, you encounter people walking
on a school campus , along corridors and along the park or employees lining up at an office, and these
people show willingness to respond to your questions, then automatically consider them as your
respondents.

5.Snowball sampling-Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapid, this sampling method does not
give a specific set of samples. This is true for a study involving unspecified group of people. Snowball
Sampling - Participants in the study were tasked to recruit other members for the study.
 Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children, mendicants, drug dependents, call
center workers, informal settlers, street vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of non-
probability sampling. Free to obtain data from any group just like snow freely expanding and
accumulating at a certain place, you tend to increase the number of people you want to form from
the sample of your study (HARDING 2013)

6.Convenience Sampling - Selecting a sample based on the availability of the member and/or proximity
to the researcher. - Also known as accidental, opportunity or grab sampling.