RESEARCH 2

Types of Sampling

I. Learning Competency with Code

o Describe the types and methods of sampling (SSP_RS8-RD-III-o-16).

II. Background Information for Learners

In conducting a study, it is always expensive and time-consuming to examine
the response of every member of the target population. Thus, if cost and time
constraints are plausible, a sample is taken from the population. To draw out
conclusions from the population, the results obtained from the sample will be
used. To illustrate, if a study is to be made on the efficacy of the X- Brand COVID-
19 vaccine among Filipinos, it may be almost impossible to get the response of
every Filipinos nationwide. Thus, a certain number of samples is taken as
representative of the target population and sampling takes in the picture.

In your previous learning activity, you have learned the concepts of population
and sample. In this learning activity, you will be learning sampling, its types, and
methods.

o Sampling is the process of choosing participants or respondents from a

target population for your study.

o A sampling technique is a process of selecting samples from a target

population (Uy et.al., 2016).

In statistics, there are two types of sampling techniques: probability and

nonprobability sampling. Probability sampling is the method of drawing
samples where every member of the target population has an equal chance of
being selected. It requires the presence of a complete list of members of the
target population. On the other hand, non-probability sampling does not
ensure that every member of the target population is given an equal chance of
being selected. Thus, the nonprobability sampling is less precise. It is usually
used when just approximation is required.

Types of Probability Sampling Techniques

Simple Random Sampling

• simplest probability sampling techniques

• no particular order is used in the actual selection of samples

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• each member of the target population has an equal chance of being included
since the samples are just chosen at random
• may be done by a lottery that is why at times this method is sometimes called
a lottery method or by the use of the table of or computer-generated random
numbers
• is normally used when the target population is small, e.g. the process of
drawing winning numbers in raffles (Uy et.al., 2016)

Systematic Sampling

• random sampling process where a pre-selection system is in place to

complement the randomness of the selection process
• requires a complete list of the members of the target population in the
sampling frame
• K value is computed by dividing the population size by the desired sample
size and is used to determine the kth (sample) element to be taken from the
population. Take for example, if your study is about the attitude of the
students towards their involvement in conducting Scientific Research, the
total population of the students in a school is divided by the desired sample.
The students in the school are then assigned control numbers. Assuming the k
value is 74, then every 74th in the list is taken as a sample (Uy et.al., 2016).

Stratified Sampling

• the target population is first divided into strata (groups) according to certain
predefined characteristics
• for each stratum, samples are then drawn either randomly or according to a
systematic approach
• done to make sure that the samples selected are not from one stratum or
group only, and that the results are representative of the target population. A
clear example is a study on the efficacy of the X-Brand COVID-19 vaccine on
people ages 18-65, the target population may be divided into various strata
according to their age groups. After determining the strata, people belonging
to the same age range (e.g. 18-25) are grouped as one. The researcher has
the discretion on these groupings depending on his/her study.

Cluster Sampling

• used when the population is dispersed over a wide geographic region, and it is
costly to gather a complete list of the members of the population
• similar to stratified sampling in that population is first divided into strata
(groups) or clusters, and then clusters are randomly chosen and from these
clusters, samples are taken
• requires a larger sample to be as efficient. Take, for example, to study the
efficacy of the X-Brand COVID-19 vaccine among Filipinos. To better assess
and get the needed data for this study, since Filipinos are living across each
region in the country, the researcher may first randomly select a certain
number of regions in the country to be used as a target population. Then,
samples (participants of the study) are taken from each of these regions.
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Types of Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

Purposeful Sampling

• the process of selecting a sample with a specific ‘purpose’ in mind

• appropriate for qualitative research studies and is usually used for researches
wherein respondents are limited and the chosen issue is of little knowledge
• various considerations in selecting samples using this technique:
(a) respondents qualify with the criteria of interest in your research; and (b)
they have and/or exhibit diverse attitude, knowledge, practice, or skill on a
particular issue.
Example:

If you wanted to know the people’s opinion on vaccination against COVID-19,

then the criteria, “Are you willing to be vaccinated …?” and those who answered
“No” will be excluded from the study.

Quota Sampling

• sampling technique that makes sure the representative characteristics are

well-represented from a certain number of participants from different
subgroups of specific characteristics
• quota is a specified number that is included in the sample
Example:

If you think that people with pre-determined respiratory diseases are prone to
the transmission of COVID-19, so you include 25% of the participants from each
identified respiratory diseases in your sample.

Snowball Sampling

• used when the target population can be accessed or identified easily

• used for topics that are highly sensitive and are not usually openly-discussed.
Thus, samples are built up through referrals.

Example:

If your study is about AIDS among the “third sex” individuals then, you may start
asking someone you knew having this disease. You may ask also this person for a
further recommendation on people having the same disease. Like a snowball,
starting from a small form of snow as it continues to roll down a hill of snow,
collects up more snow to form a larger one – this is the same as a snowball
sample in a research study.
Census Sampling

• census is the systematic recording of information of each member of a

population. It is more reliable, and less prone to error
• usually used if the population of the study is heterogeneous (mixed)
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 • for example, if you wanted to know the number of family members in a
household, this sampling technique can be used

III. Activity Proper

Activity 1. Probably but Not Probably?

Objective: Describe the types and methods of sampling.

Directions: Using your knowledge of the two types of sampling techniques, try to
describe them by filling out the needed information in the table. You may browse
the Internet for additional ideas.

Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Definition

Alternative name

Population
selection

Nature

Sample

Time Taken

Results

Hypothesis

The scoring rubric below will be used to rate student’s answers.

Criteria 3 2 1

Provides appropriate and Provides some Provides an

sufficient description(s) of appropriate and insufficient
Content the given concept. sufficient description(s) of the
description(s) of the given concept.
given concept.

Provides answers that are Provides answers Provides answers

Grammatica
free from any grammatical that contain that contain a few
l
error. minimal grammatical errors.
Structure
grammatical errors.

Activity 2. What’s My Sampling Technique

Objective: Describe the types and methods of sampling.
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Directions: Use the concept map below to describe how each sampling
method/technique is used in a research study. Copy the concept map on a
separate sheet of paper.

Probability
Sampling

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 Non-
Probability
Sampling

Questions
Directions. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Based on the activities that you have accomplished, why do you need to
know the different types and methods of sampling as you conduct your
research study?

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2. Among the sampling techniques that you have learned, which is most likely
you are going to use in your study? Why did you choose this technique?