Antioxidants

27 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessReview

Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine

by Mehak Zahra, Heidi Abrahamse and Blassan P. George

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080922 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

This study emphasizes the critical role of antioxidants in protecting human health by counteracting the detrimental effects of oxidative stress induced by free radicals. Antioxidants—found in various forms such as vitamins, minerals, and the phytochemicals abundant in fruits and vegetables—neutralize free radicals by [...] Read more.

This study emphasizes the critical role of antioxidants in protecting human health by counteracting the detrimental effects of oxidative stress induced by free radicals. Antioxidants—found in various forms such as vitamins, minerals, and the phytochemicals abundant in fruits and vegetables—neutralize free radicals by stabilizing them through electron donation. Specifically, flavonoid compounds are highlighted as robust defenders, addressing oxidative stress and inflammation to avert chronic illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This research explores the bioactive potential of flavonoids, shedding light on their role not only in safeguarding health, but also in managing conditions such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the novel integration of South African-origin flavonoids with nanotechnology, presenting a cutting-edge strategy to improve drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes. This interdisciplinary approach, blending traditional wisdom with contemporary techniques, propels the exploration of flavonoid-mediated nanoparticles toward groundbreaking pharmaceutical applications, promising revolutionary advancements in healthcare. This collaborative synergy between traditional knowledge and modern science not only contributes to human health, but also underscores a significant step toward sustainable and impactful biomedical innovations, aligning with principles of environmental conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Astonishing World of Phytochemicals: State-of-the-Art for Antioxidants—2nd Edition)

27 pages, 2529 KiB

Open AccessReview

(Chemical) Roles of HOCl in Rheumatic Diseases

by Jenny Leopold and Jürgen Schiller

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080921 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Chronic rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are characterized by a dysregulated immune response and persistent inflammation. The large number of neutrophilic granulocytes in the synovial fluid (SF) from RA patients leads to elevated enzyme activities, for example, from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and [...] Read more.

Chronic rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are characterized by a dysregulated immune response and persistent inflammation. The large number of neutrophilic granulocytes in the synovial fluid (SF) from RA patients leads to elevated enzyme activities, for example, from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as the most important MPO-derived product, is a strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) and known to be involved in the processes of cartilage destruction (particularly regarding the glycosaminoglycans). This review will discuss open questions about the contribution of HOCl in RA in order to improve the understanding of oxidative tissue damaging. First, the (chemical) composition of articular cartilage and SF and the mechanisms of cartilage degradation will be discussed. Afterwards, the products released by neutrophils during inflammation will be summarized and their effects towards the individual, most abundant cartilage compounds (collagen, proteoglycans) and selected cellular components (lipids, DNA) discussed. New developments about neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the use of antioxidants as drugs will be outlined, too. Finally, we will try to estimate the effects induced by these different agents and their contributions in RA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heme Peroxidases in (Patho)Physiological Reactions and Disease Progression)

33 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria Are Involved in Anaphylaxis and Mast Cell Degranulation: A Systematic Review

by Anays Piotin, Walid Oulehri, Anne-Laure Charles, Charles Tacquard, Olivier Collange, Paul-Michel Mertes and Bernard Geny

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080920 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Anaphylaxis, an allergic reaction caused by the massive release of active mediators, can lead to anaphylactic shock (AS), the most severe and potentially life-threatening form of anaphylactic reaction. Nevertheless, understanding of its pathophysiology to support new therapies still needs to be improved. We [...] Read more.

Anaphylaxis, an allergic reaction caused by the massive release of active mediators, can lead to anaphylactic shock (AS), the most severe and potentially life-threatening form of anaphylactic reaction. Nevertheless, understanding of its pathophysiology to support new therapies still needs to be improved. We performed a systematic review, assessing the role and the complex cellular interplay of mitochondria and oxidative stress during anaphylaxis, mast cell metabolism and degranulation. After presenting the main characteristics of anaphylaxis, the oxidant/antioxidant balance and mitochondrial functions, we focused this review on the involvement of mitochondria and oxidative stress in anaphylaxis. Then, we discussed the role of oxidative stress and mitochondria following mast cell stimulation by allergens, leading to degranulation, in order to further elucidate mechanistic pathways. Finally, we considered potential therapeutic interventions implementing these findings for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Experimental studies evaluated mainly cardiomyocyte metabolism during AS. Cardiac dysfunction was associated with left ventricle mitochondrial impairment and lipid peroxidation. Studies evaluating in vitro mast cell degranulation, following Immunoglobulin E (IgE) or non-IgE stimulation, revealed that mitochondrial respiratory complex integrity and membrane potential are crucial for mast cell degranulation. Antigen stimulation raises reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and mitochondria, leading to mast cell degranulation. Moreover, mast cell activation involved mitochondrial morphological changes and mitochondrial translocation to the cell surface near exocytosis sites. Interestingly, antioxidant administration reduced degranulation by lowering ROS levels. Altogether, these results highlight the crucial role of oxidative stress and mitochondria during anaphylaxis and mast cell degranulation. New therapeutics against anaphylaxis should probably target oxidative stress and mitochondria, in order to decrease anaphylaxis-induced systemic and major organ deleterious effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative-Stress in Human Diseases—3rd Edition)

47 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessReview

Marine Antioxidants from Marine Collagen and Collagen Peptides with Nutraceuticals Applications: A Review

by Emin Cadar, Ana-Maria Pesterau, Irina Prasacu, Ana-Maria Ionescu, Carolina Pascale, Ana-Maria Laura Dragan, Rodica Sirbu and Cezar Laurentiu Tomescu

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080919 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Collagen peptides and marine collagen are enormous resources currently utilized. This review aims to examine the scientific literature to determine which collagen peptides derived from marine sources and which natural active antioxidants from marine collagen have significant biological effects as health-promoting nutraceuticals. Marine [...] Read more.

Collagen peptides and marine collagen are enormous resources currently utilized. This review aims to examine the scientific literature to determine which collagen peptides derived from marine sources and which natural active antioxidants from marine collagen have significant biological effects as health-promoting nutraceuticals. Marine collagen is extracted from both vertebrate and invertebrate marine creatures. For vertebrates, this includes fish skin, bones, scales, fins, and cartilage. For invertebrates, it includes mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans, and poriferans. The method used involved data analysis to organize information for isolating and identifying marine biocompounds with antioxidant properties. Specifically, amino acids with antioxidant properties were identified, enabling the use of hydrolysates and collagen peptides as natural antioxidant nutraceuticals. The methods of extraction of hydrolyzed collagen and collagen peptides by different treatments are systematized. The structural characteristics of collagen, collagen peptides, and amino acids in fish skin and by-products, as well as in invertebrate organisms (jellyfish, mollusks, and crustaceans), are described. The antioxidant properties of different methods of collagen hydrolysates and collagen peptides are systematized, and the results are comparatively analyzed. Their use as natural antioxidant nutraceuticals expands the range of possibilities for the exploitation of natural resources that have not been widely used until now. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Antioxidants: Isolation Techniques and Nutraceutical Applications)

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24 pages, 6425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioaffinity Ultrafiltration Combined with HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS for Screening Potential Bioactive Components from the Stems of Dendrobium fimbriatum and In Silico Analysis

by Yu-Hui Hsieh, Wu-Chang Chuang, Ming-Chung Lee, Yu-Hsin Fan, Nai-Kuei Huang and Jih-Jung Chen

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080918 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Dendrobium fimbriatum is a perennial herb, and its stems are high-grade tea and nourishing medicinal materials. Various solvent extracts of D. fimbriatum were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant, and anti-α-glucosidase properties. Acetone and EtOAc extracts showed significant antioxidant effects. Acetone, n [...] Read more.

Dendrobium fimbriatum is a perennial herb, and its stems are high-grade tea and nourishing medicinal materials. Various solvent extracts of D. fimbriatum were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant, and anti-α-glucosidase properties. Acetone and EtOAc extracts showed significant antioxidant effects. Acetone, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts revealed potent inhibition against α-glucosidase. EtOAc, n-hexane, and dichloromethane extracts displayed significant anti-AChE activity. Among the isolated constituents, gigantol, moscatin, and dendrophenol showed potent antioxidant activities in FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging tests. Moscatin (IC₅₀ = 161.86 ± 16.45 μM) and dendrophenol (IC₅₀ = 165.19 ± 13.25 μM) displayed more potent anti-AChE activity than chlorogenic acid (IC₅₀ = 236.24 ± 15.85 μM, positive control). Dendrophenol (IC₅₀ = 14.31 ± 3.17 μM) revealed more efficient anti-NO activity than quercetin (positive control, IC₅₀ = 23.09 ± 1.43 μM). Analysis of AChE and iNOS inhibitory components was performed using molecular docking and/or the bioaffinity ultrafiltration method. In bioaffinity ultrafiltration, the binding affinity of compounds to the enzyme (acetylcholinesterase and inducible nitric oxide synthase) was determined using the enrichment factor (EF). Among the main components of the EtOAc extract from D. fimbriatum stem, moscatin, dendrophenol, gigantol, and batatasin III with acetylcholinesterase exhibited the highest binding affinities, with affinity values of 66.31%, 59.48%, 54.60%, and 31.87%, respectively. Moreover, the affinity capacity of the identified compounds with inducible nitric oxide synthase can be ranked as moscatin (88.99%) > dendrophenol (65.11%) > gigantol (44.84%) > batatasin III (27.18%). This research suggests that the bioactive extracts and components of D. fimbriatum stem could be studied further as hopeful candidates for the prevention or treatment of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress-related diseases, and nervous disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Capacity of Natural Products)

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27 pages, 8700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linalool and Geraniol Defend Neurons from Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Iron Accumulation in In Vitro Parkinson’s Models

by Edina Pandur, Balázs Major, Tibor Rák, Katalin Sipos, Adrienne Csutak and Györgyi Horváth

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080917 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. There is a growing demand for novel and natural substances as complementary therapies. Essential oils and their various compounds are highly investigated natural plant-based products as potential treatment [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. There is a growing demand for novel and natural substances as complementary therapies. Essential oils and their various compounds are highly investigated natural plant-based products as potential treatment options for common human diseases, such as microbial infections, chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The present study focuses on the beneficial effects of linalool and geraniol, the major compounds of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. in Aiton) essential oils, on oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron metabolism of the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced in vitro Parkinson’s models. The experiments were carried out on all-trans retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of linalool and geraniol were compared to rasagiline, an MAO-B inhibitor. The results revealed that both essential oil compounds reduce the level of reactive oxygen species and alter the antioxidant capacity of the cells. They lower the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, linalool and geraniol change the expression of iron-related genes, such as the iron importer transferrin receptor 1, heme-oxygenase-1, and ferroportin iron exporter, and influence the intracellular iron contents. In addition, it has been unveiled that iron availability is concatenated with the actions of the essential oil compounds. Based on the results, linalool and geraniol are vigorous candidates as an alternative therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory Modulation)

18 pages, 1593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximizing Wine Antioxidants: Yeast’s Contribution to Melatonin Formation

by Elena Cristina Scutarașu, Răzvan George Niță, Laurian Vlase, Cătălin Ioan Zamfir, Bogdan Ionel Cioroiu, Lucia Cintia Colibaba, Dana Muntean, Camelia Elena Luchian, Ana Maria Vlase and Valeriu Cotea

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080916 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Melatonin is commonly found in various fruits, juices, and some fermented beverages. Its concentration in wine is influenced by soil properties, climatic factors, and yeast activity. Even if it is found in fermented beverages in relatively low proportions, melatonin still holds significant nutritional [...] Read more.

Melatonin is commonly found in various fruits, juices, and some fermented beverages. Its concentration in wine is influenced by soil properties, climatic factors, and yeast activity. Even if it is found in fermented beverages in relatively low proportions, melatonin still holds significant nutritional value, giving anti-aging properties, anti-inflammatory actions, and antidepressant effects. In this context, this article focuses on evaluating the impact of different Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast species on the formation of melatonin and its contribution to wines’ total antioxidant capacity. Considering that the antioxidant activity of wine is usually related to the content of phenolic compounds, ten such compounds were analyzed. The evaluation of bioactive compounds was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry. The total antioxidant capacity of wine samples was evaluated by the ABTS⁺ method. The administration of bâtonnage products increased the efficiency of non-Saccharomyces yeasts. The mixtures of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts generated higher values for melatonin. The results confirm a significant impact from the grape variety and the specific yeast strains on the melatonin concentration. Also, a strong dependence between antioxidant activity and melatonin levels was observed. Given the limited existing studies on the presence of melatonin in wines, new perspectives are needed for future exploration and understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Recent Advances in Plant Extracts: Understanding Antioxidant Mechanisms and Health Benefits)

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37 pages, 3539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Combinations of Phytochemical-Rich Fruits and Vegetables on Chronic Disease Risk Markers and Gene Expression Changes: Insights from the MiBLEND Study, a Randomized Trial

by Julia N. DeBenedictis, Courtney Murrell, Duncan Hauser, Marcel van Herwijnen, Bart Elen, Theo M. de Kok and Simone G. van Breda

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080915 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Adequate fruit and vegetable (F and V) intake, as recommended by the World Health Organization (over 400 g/day), is linked to reduced chronic disease risk. However, human intervention trials, especially with whole F and V and in complex combinations, are lacking. The MiBlend [...] Read more.

Adequate fruit and vegetable (F and V) intake, as recommended by the World Health Organization (over 400 g/day), is linked to reduced chronic disease risk. However, human intervention trials, especially with whole F and V and in complex combinations, are lacking. The MiBlend Study explored the effects of various phytochemical-rich F and V combinations on chronic disease risk markers, phytochemical absorption, and gene expression in blood. This randomized cross-over study involved participants consuming two of seven different F and V blends for 2 weeks (450 g/day), following a 2-week low F and V intake period (50 g/day). Each blend represented major phytochemical classes (flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and glucosinolates) or combinations thereof. Markers of chronic disease risk, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, and retinal microvasculature, were measured. Increasing F and V intake significantly improved plasma antioxidant capacity, DNA damage protection, and retinal arteriolar dilation. Flavonoid-rich, carotenoid-rich, and complex blends notably reduced DNA damage susceptibility. Anthocyanin-rich and carotenoid-rich interventions were most effective in boosting antioxidant capacity, while blends high in flavonoids, especially combined with anthocyanins, significantly improved retinal microvasculature. Gene expression analysis revealed changes in DNA repair, signal transduction, and transcription processes, indicating mechanisms for these health benefits. The study suggests specific F and V blends can provide targeted health improvements, emphasizing the importance of both overall F and V intake and the specific phytochemical composition for personalized preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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14 pages, 2275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evidence for TGF-β1/Nrf2 Signaling Crosstalk in a Cuprizone Model of Multiple Sclerosis

by Coram Guevara, Sinay C. Vicencio, Ignacio S. Pizarro, Francisca Villavicencio-Trejo, Rodrigo A. Quintanilla, Pablo Astudillo, Estibaliz Ampuero, Rodrigo Varas, Juan A. Orellana and Fernando C. Ortiz

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080914 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and degenerative disease that impacts central nervous system (CNS) function. One of the major characteristics of the disease is the presence of regions lacking myelin and an oxidative and inflammatory environment. TGF-β1 and Nrf2 proteins play a [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and degenerative disease that impacts central nervous system (CNS) function. One of the major characteristics of the disease is the presence of regions lacking myelin and an oxidative and inflammatory environment. TGF-β1 and Nrf2 proteins play a fundamental role in different oxidative/inflammatory processes linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. The evidence from different experimental settings has demonstrated a TGF-β1-Nrf2 signaling crosstalk under pathological conditions. However, this possibility has not been explored in experimental models of MS. Here, by using the cuprizone-induced demyelination model of MS, we report that the in vivo pharmacological blockage of the TGF-β1 receptor reduced Nrf2, catalase, and TGFβ-1 protein levels in the demyelination phase of cuprizone administration. In addition, ATP production, locomotor function and cognitive performance were diminished by the treatment. Altogether, our results provide evidence for a crosstalk between TGF-β1 and Nrf2 signaling pathways under CNS demyelination, highlighting the importance of the antioxidant cellular response of neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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17 pages, 2472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of Antioxidant Peptides from Dairy Cow (Bos taurus) Placenta and Their Antioxidant Activities

by Xinyu Tian, Zeru Zhang, Yuquan Zhao, Anguo Tang, Zhi Zeng, Weijian Zheng, Hanwen Zhang, Yuxin Luo, Wei Lu, Lei Fan and Liuhong Shen

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080913 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Our preliminary study identified dairy cow placenta extract (CPE) as a mixture of peptides with potent antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro. However, the specific antioxidant peptides (AOPs) responsible for this activity were not yet identified. In the current study, we [...] Read more.

Our preliminary study identified dairy cow placenta extract (CPE) as a mixture of peptides with potent antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro. However, the specific antioxidant peptides (AOPs) responsible for this activity were not yet identified. In the current study, we employed virtual screening and chromatography techniques to isolate two peptides, ANNGKQWAEVF (CP1) and QPGLPGPAG (CP2), from CPE. These peptides were found to be less stable under extreme conditions such as high temperature, strong acid, strong alkali, and simulated digestive conditions. Nevertheless, under normal physiological conditions, both CP1 and CP2 exhibited significant antioxidant properties, including free-radical scavenging, metal chelating, and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. They also up-regulated the activities of intracellular antioxidant enzymes in response to hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress, resulting in reduced MDA levels, a decreased expression of the Keap1 gene and protein, and increased levels of the Nrf2 and HO-1 genes and proteins. Furthermore, CP1 demonstrated superior antioxidant activity compared to CP2. These findings suggest that CP1 and CP2 hold potential for mitigating oxidative stress in vitro and highlight the efficacy of virtual screening as a method for isolating AOPs within CPE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

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49 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Psoriasis and Their Inclusion in Nanotechnological Systems

by Ana Flavia Burlec, Monica Hăncianu, Bianca Ivănescu, Irina Macovei and Andreia Corciovă

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080912 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2024

Viewed by 280

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects around 2–3% of the world’s population. The treatment for this autoimmune disease still remains centered around conventional methods using synthetic substances, even though more recent advancements focus on biological therapies. Given the numerous side effects [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects around 2–3% of the world’s population. The treatment for this autoimmune disease still remains centered around conventional methods using synthetic substances, even though more recent advancements focus on biological therapies. Given the numerous side effects of such treatments, current research involves plant extracts and constituents that could prove useful in treating psoriasis. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the most known representatives belonging to classes of natural compounds such as polyphenols (e.g., astilbin, curcumin, hesperidin, luteolin, proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol), alkaloids (e.g., berberine, capsaicin, and colchicine), coumarins (psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen), and terpenoids (e.g., celastrol, centelloids, and ursolic acid), along with plants used in traditional medicine that could present therapeutic potential in psoriasis. The paper also provides an overview of these compounds’ mechanisms of action and current inclusion in clinical studies, as well as an investigation into their potential incorporation in various nanotechnological systems, such as lipid-based nanocarriers or polymeric nanomaterials, that may optimize their efficacy during treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

18 pages, 6874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromosome Segregation–1–like Gene Participates in Ferroptosis in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells via Nucleocytoplasmic Transport

by Luanqian Hu, Tongtong Hong, Yuheng He, Huiyuan Wang, Jinxiang Cao, Danhua Pu, Li Gao, Chao Gao, Yugui Cui, Jie Wu and Rongrong Tan

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080911 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the depletion of ovarian function before the age of 40 years. The global prevalence of POI is 3.5%. To date, genetic factors account for 23.5% of the etiology of POI. Herein, a previously uncharacterized pathogenic homozygous [...] Read more.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the depletion of ovarian function before the age of 40 years. The global prevalence of POI is 3.5%. To date, genetic factors account for 23.5% of the etiology of POI. Herein, a previously uncharacterized pathogenic homozygous variant of the chromosome segregation–1–like gene (CSE1L) was identified in POI patients via targeted panel sequencing. It is reported that dysregulated iron metabolism is involved in many reproductive endocrine disorders; however, its precise role in POI remains obscure. In this study, we identified CSE1L as a potential candidate gene that plays an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis. Deficiency of CSE1L led to ferroptosis in human granulosa cells, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Mechanistically, coimmunoprecipitation identified the direct interaction between CSE1L and FoxO1. Inhibition of CSE1L led to the excessive accumulation of FoxO1 in the nucleus via nucleocytoplasmic transport. Then, FoxO1 bound to the promoter region of NCOA4 and promoted its transcription, which was verified by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, inhibition of CSE1L in cumulus cell monolayer could impede oocyte maturation, which might be associated with oxidative stress. Consequently, our study first revealed that CSE1L participated in ferroptosis in human ovarian granulosa cells via nucleocytoplasmic transportation, which might be helpful in revealing the molecular mechanism of CSE1L in the development of POI. Importantly, these findings might provide new insights into the application of ferroptosis inhibitors in the treatment of POI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aberrant Oxidation of Biomolecules)

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11 pages, 3508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Antioxidant Effects of Cysteine Derivative and Sm-Cluster for Food Applications

by Lingxia Chen, Lijun Wang, Lifu Ma, Chao Wang, Xinshu Qin, Minlong Wang, Xiaohe Zhang, Ruoyan Yang, Bing Fang and Jie An

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080910 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2024

Viewed by 171

Abstract

The incorporation of antioxidants in food products is essential to prevent or delay deterioration, thereby addressing food spoilage. Thiol compounds, recognized for their natural antioxidant properties, are widely used in various foods; however, their antioxidant capacity is often limited. This study investigates the [...] Read more.

The incorporation of antioxidants in food products is essential to prevent or delay deterioration, thereby addressing food spoilage. Thiol compounds, recognized for their natural antioxidant properties, are widely used in various foods; however, their antioxidant capacity is often limited. This study investigates the potential enhancement of thiol antioxidant capacity through the addition of a soluble, low-toxic inorganic Sm-cluster. Our findings demonstrate that the Sm-cluster significantly bolsters the antioxidant efficacy of thiol compounds. We explored, for the first time, the in vitro antioxidant activities of an Sm-oxo/hydroxy cluster combined with a cysteine derivative for potential food applications. The composition exhibited a robust inhibition of aromatic aldehyde flavor compound oxidation and displayed strong, dose-dependent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine) radical scavenging activity. Notably, the antioxidant activity of the Sm-cluster/cysteine derivative was further enhanced under strong visible light conditions, which typically increased the likelihood of oxidation. These results suggest that the combination of inorganic cluster and thiol compounds presents a promising natural alternative to traditional antioxidants in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodologies for Improving Antioxidant Properties and Absorption)

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14 pages, 1172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of In Vitro-Derived Hop Plantlets, cv. Columbus and Magnum, as Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds

by Leandra Leto, Claudia Favari, Anna Agosti, Lorenzo Del Vecchio, Andrea Di Fazio, Letizia Bresciani, Pedro Mena, Valeria Guarrasi, Martina Cirlini and Benedetta Chiancone

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080909 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2024

Viewed by 266

Abstract

The demand for bioactive secondary metabolites of natural origin is increasing every day. Micropropagation could be a strategy to respond more quickly to market demands, regardless of seasonality. This research aims to evaluate in vitro-grown plants of two hop varieties, namely Columbus and [...] Read more.

The demand for bioactive secondary metabolites of natural origin is increasing every day. Micropropagation could be a strategy to respond more quickly to market demands, regardless of seasonality. This research aims to evaluate in vitro-grown plants of two hop varieties, namely Columbus and Magnum, as a potential source of bioactive compounds. The extracts were characterized in terms of total phenolic content by a Folin–Ciocalteu assay and antioxidant capacity by DPPH^•, ABTS⁺, and FRAP assays. The bioactive compound profile of the extracts from both varieties was determined by using UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. The results confirmed richness in (poly)phenols and other secondary metabolites of the in vitro-grown hop plantlets. Thirty-two compounds belonging to the major families of phytochemicals characteristic of the species were identified, and twenty-six were quantified, mainly flavonoids, including xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, phenolic acids, as well as α- and β-acids. This study confirms the validity of in vitro-derived hop plantlets as source of bioactive compounds to be used in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects—3rd Edition)

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22 pages, 1788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Properties of Boletus edulis Extract on Caco-2 Cells: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

by Javier Quero, Mónica Paesa, Carmen Morales, Gracia Mendoza, Jesús Osada, José António Teixeira, Pedro Ferreira-Santos and María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080908 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Boletus edulis (BE) is a mushroom well known for its taste, nutritional value, and medicinal properties. The objective of this work was to study the biological effects of BE extracts on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2), evaluating parameters related to oxidative stress and [...] Read more.

Boletus edulis (BE) is a mushroom well known for its taste, nutritional value, and medicinal properties. The objective of this work was to study the biological effects of BE extracts on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2), evaluating parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, a hydroethanolic extract of BE was obtained by ohmic heating green technology. The obtained BE extracts are mainly composed of sugars (mainly trehalose), phenolic compounds (taxifolin, rutin, and ellagic acid), and minerals (K, P, Mg, Na, Ca, Zn, Se, etc.). The results showed that BE extracts were able to reduce cancer cell proliferation by the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 stage, as well as cell death by autophagy and apoptosis, the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3 activation. The extracts modified the redox balance of the cell by increasing the ROS levels associated with a decrease in the thioredoxin reductase activity. Similarly, BE extracts attenuated Caco-2 inflammation by reducing both iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression and COX-2 protein expression. In addition, BE extracts protected the intestine from the oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂. Therefore, this study provides information on the potential use of BE bioactive compounds as anticancer therapeutic agents and as functional ingredients to prevent oxidative stress in the intestinal barrier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Capacity of Bioactive Plant Compounds for Therapeutic Purpose—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced In Vitro Efficacy of Verbascoside in Suppressing Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation via ROS Scavenging with Reverse Microemulsion

by Xiao Xiao, Feiyu Yang, Yuling Huang, Shaohui Liu, Zhenhua Hu, Shanggao Liao and Yuanyuan Li

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080907 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Abstract: Numerous approaches targeting hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have emerged as pivotal therapeutic strategies to mitigate liver fibrosis and are currently undergoing clinical trials. The investigation of herbal drugs or isolated natural active compounds is particularly valuable, due to their multifaceted functions and [...] Read more.

Abstract: Numerous approaches targeting hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have emerged as pivotal therapeutic strategies to mitigate liver fibrosis and are currently undergoing clinical trials. The investigation of herbal drugs or isolated natural active compounds is particularly valuable, due to their multifaceted functions and low risk of side effects. Recent studies have hinted at the potential efficacy of verbascoside (VB) in ameliorating renal and lung fibrosis, yet its impact on hepatic fibrosis remains to be elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the potential effects of VB on liver fibrosis by assessing its ability to inhibit HSC activation. VB demonstrated significant efficacy in suppressing the expression of fibrogenic genes in activated LX-2 cells. Additionally, VB inhibited the migration and proliferation of these activated HSCs by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulating the AMPK pathway. Furthermore, a biosafe reverse microemulsion loaded with VB (VB-ME) was developed to improve VB’s instability and low bioavailability. The optimal formulation of VB-ME was meticulously characterized, revealing substantial enhancements in cellular uptake, ROS-scavenging capacity, and the suppression of HSC activation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects—3rd Edition)

19 pages, 1646 KiB

Open AccessReview

Altered Mitochondrial Function in MASLD: Key Features and Promising Therapeutic Approaches

by Tatjana Radosavljevic, Milica Brankovic, Janko Samardzic, Jasmina Djuretić, Dusan Vukicevic, Danijela Vucevic and Vladimir Jakovljevic

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080906 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 243

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), encompasses a range of liver conditions from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Its prevalence, especially among patients with metabolic syndrome, highlights its growing global impact. The pathogenesis of MASLD [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), encompasses a range of liver conditions from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Its prevalence, especially among patients with metabolic syndrome, highlights its growing global impact. The pathogenesis of MASLD involves metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, genetic factors and, notably, mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies underscore the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in MASLD’s progression. Therapeutically, enhancing mitochondrial function has gained interest, along with lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions targeting mitochondrial processes. The FDA’s approval of resmetirom for metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with fibrosis marks a significant step. While resmetirom represents progress, further research is essential to understand MASLD-related mitochondrial dysfunction fully. Innovative strategies like gene editing and small-molecule modulators, alongside lifestyle interventions, can potentially improve MASLD treatment. Drug repurposing and new targets will advance MASLD therapy, addressing its increasing global burden. Therefore, this review aims to provide a better understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in MASLD and identify more effective preventive and treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Signaling in Liver Diseases)

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13 pages, 2218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses

by Beata Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold, Marek Kulka, Michał Czopowicz, Ewa Szarska, Katarzyna Strzelec, Arkadiusz Grzeczka, Szymon Graczyk, Marta Wiśniewska, Zofia Jędrzejkowska, Aleksandra Rumińska, Krzysztof Marycz and Anna Cywińska

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080905 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 335

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the oral supplementation of astaxanthin (ATX) on inflammatory markers in 3-year-old Arabian racehorses. Despite the recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ATX observed in vitro in rodent models and in human athletes, the effects in equine subjects remain [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the oral supplementation of astaxanthin (ATX) on inflammatory markers in 3-year-old Arabian racehorses. Despite the recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ATX observed in vitro in rodent models and in human athletes, the effects in equine subjects remain unknown. This study involved a controlled trial with 14 horses receiving either ATX (six horses) or a placebo (eight horses), monitored over four months of race training. Inflammatory cytokines: TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, and prostaglandin E (PGE), were measured monthly to assess the impact of ATX on the inflammatory response. The results indicated no significant differences in measured parameters between the ATX and the control group during the study. However, a significant time-dependent decrease in TNFα and IFNγ levels (p = 0.001) was observed in both groups, suggesting that regular training naturally modulates inflammatory responses. Moreover, positive correlations were noted between TNFα and IFNγ (p < 0.001) in the early phase of the study and between IL-6 and IL-10 (p = 0.008) in the later phase. Hematological parameters remained stable and within reference ranges, indicating no adverse effects of ATX supplementation. Performance metrics, including the number of races completed and wins, showed no significant differences between groups, suggesting that ATX did not enhance athletic performance under the study conditions. Overall, while ATX supplementation affected neither cytokine levels nor performance in Arabian racehorses, the natural anti-inflammatory effects of regular training were evident. Further research is needed to explore potential benefits of ATX supplementation under different conditions, such as in horses with subclinical inflammation or varying training regimens, to fully clarify its role and applications in equine sports medicine. Full article

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17 pages, 5726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intragland Expression of the Shh Gene Alleviates Irradiation-Induced Salivary Gland Injury through Microvessel Protection and the Regulation of Oxidative Stress

by Meijun Hu, Liang Hu, Tao Yang, Bowen Zhou, Xuanhe Feng, Zhipeng Fan and Zhaochen Shan

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080904 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 196

Abstract

Radiation-induced salivary gland injury (RISGI) is a common complication of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Intragland expression of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) gene may partially rescue irradiation (IR)-induced hyposalivation by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation, maintaining resident macrophages, [...] Read more.

Radiation-induced salivary gland injury (RISGI) is a common complication of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Intragland expression of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) gene may partially rescue irradiation (IR)-induced hyposalivation by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation, maintaining resident macrophages, and maintaining microvascular density. Previous studies have revealed that Ad-Rat Shh transduction through the salivary glands of miniature pigs can ameliorate oxidative stress-induced microvascular dysfunction after radiotherapy. Changes in the parotid salivary flow rate were analyzed, and the parotid tissue was collected at 5 and 20 weeks after IR. Changes in the Hedgehog pathway and vascular function-related markers (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31) and oxidative stress-related markers were detected via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. A stable Shh-overexpressing cell line was generated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and exposed to 10 Gy X-ray irradiation, after which endothelial cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, and vascular function were evaluated. We found that intragland expression of the Shh gene efficiently alleviated IR-induced parotid gland injury in a miniature pig model. Our results indicate that the antioxidative stress and microvascular-protective effects of the Hh pathway are regulated by nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section ROS, RNS and RSS)

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16 pages, 5782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Causal Effects of Oxidative Stress on Diabetes Mellitus and Microvascular Complications: Insights Integrating Genome-Wide Mendelian Randomization, DNA Methylation, and Proteome

by Kang Liu, Zitong Chen, Lishan Liu, Ting Li, Changying Xing, Feng Han and Huijuan Mao

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080903 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the development of diabetes, but the genetic mechanisms are not completely understood. We integrated multi-omics data in order to explore the genetic relations between OS-related genes, diabetes mellitus, and microvascular complications using Mendelian randomization and colocalization [...] Read more.

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the development of diabetes, but the genetic mechanisms are not completely understood. We integrated multi-omics data in order to explore the genetic relations between OS-related genes, diabetes mellitus, and microvascular complications using Mendelian randomization and colocalization analysis. Methods: Summary-level data related to OS were acquired from respective studies of methylation, expression, and protein abundance quantitative trait loci. Genetic associations concerning diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) were derived from the FinnGen study. Summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlations between molecular features concerned with OS-related genes and diabetes mellitus, along with its microvascular complications. Additionally, we performed colocalization analysis to determine if the detected signal pairs shared a causal genetic variant. Results: At the genetic level, we identified ten potential causal associations of oxidative stress genes with diabetes, along with microvascular complications, through SMR and colocalization analysis. After integrating the DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) data, our analyses revealed a correlation between the methylation site cg26343298 and reduced expression of TP53INP1, supporting the protective role of cg26343298 methylation on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic nephropathy. Similarly, an inverse association was observed between gene methylation and expression in CHEK1 (cg07110182), confirming the beneficial effect of modification of CHEK1 by cg07110182 in diabetic retinopathy. In addition, upregulation of SUOX expression by cg22580629 was linked to a reduced risk of diabetic retinopathy. At circulating protein levels, genetically predicted a higher level of ICAM1 (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.03–1.08) was positively connected with the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions: This SMR study elucidated that the TP53INP1 gene was putatively associated with T2D and DN risk, while the SUOX and CHEK1 genes were associated with DR risk through oxidative stress mechanisms. Additionally, our study showed a positive correlation between the ICAM-1 protein and DR. These findings may enhance our understanding of their pathogenesis and suggest new therapeutic targets for clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Oxidative Stress in Vascular Disease Associated with Diabetes)

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21 pages, 5785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of β-Carotene and Its Liposomal Form on the Expression of EMT Markers and Androgen-Dependent Pathways in Different Prostate Cell Lines

by Joanna Dulińska-Litewka, Kacper Dykas, Stanisław Boznański, Przemysław Hałubiec, Marta Kaczor-Kamińska, Jacek Zagajewski, Torsten Bohn and Gracjan Wątor

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080902 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 404

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men. Although the prognosis in the early stages is good, the treatment of advanced PCa remains a formidable challenge. Even after an initial response to hormone therapy or chemotherapy, recurrences are frequent and resistance [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men. Although the prognosis in the early stages is good, the treatment of advanced PCa remains a formidable challenge. Even after an initial response to hormone therapy or chemotherapy, recurrences are frequent and resistance to any systemic treatment is common. β-Carotene (BC), a plant-derived tetraterpene, is known for its antioxidant capacity and can modulate multiple cellular signaling pathways, potentially affecting androgen synthesis. We investigated the influence of BC (dissolved in EtOH/THF with a cell culture medium or encapsulated in liposomes (LP-BCs)) on the viability, migration potential, and connective tissue cleavage capabilities of several PCa cell lines (Du145, LNCaP, PC-3, and 22Rv1) and a healthy prostate model (RWPE cells). BC significantly reduced the proliferative capacity of all investigated cell lines at various concentrations (1.5–30 µM) and decreased cell migration. However, it significantly increased the expression of epidermal–mesenchymal transition (EMT) master proteins in all cancer cell lines and RWPE (p < 0.05) These effects were not observed with LP-BCs. This study suggests that LP-BCs, with their higher antiproliferative capabilities and pronounced inhibition of the EMT, may be a more effective form of possible PCa prevention or treatment than the free form. LPs may also modulate lipid metabolism in PCa cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

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28 pages, 3054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting Circadian Protein Rev-erbα to Alleviate Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Enhance Functional Recovery Following Brain Trauma

by Arief Gunawan Darmanto, Jing-Shiun Jan, Ting-Lin Yen, Shin-Wei Huang, Ruei-Dun Teng, Jia-Yi Wang, Rajeev Taliyan, Joen-Rong Sheu and Chih-Hao Yang

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080901 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 233

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its pathophysiology is characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite extensive research, effective treatments for TBI remain elusive. Recent studies highlighted the critical interplay between TBI and circadian rhythms, [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its pathophysiology is characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite extensive research, effective treatments for TBI remain elusive. Recent studies highlighted the critical interplay between TBI and circadian rhythms, but the detailed regulation remains largely unknown. Motivated by the observed sustained decrease in Rev-erbα after TBI, we aimed to understand the critical role of Rev-erbα in the pathophysiology of TBI and determine its feasibility as a therapeutic target. Using a mouse model of TBI, we observed that TBI significantly downregulates Rev-erbα levels, exacerbating inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. The regulation of Rev-erbα with either the pharmacological activator or inhibitor bidirectionally modulated inflammatory and oxidative events, which in turn influenced neurobehavioral outcomes, highlighting the protein’s protective role. Mechanistically, Rev-erbα influences the expression of key oxidative stress and inflammatory regulatory genes. A reduction in Rev-erbα following TBI likely contributes to increased oxidative damage and inflammation, creating a detrimental environment for neuronal survival and recovery which could be reversed via the pharmacological activation of Rev-erbα. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting Rev-erbα to mitigate TBI-induced damage and improve outcomes, especially in TBI-susceptible populations with disrupted circadian regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapies)

16 pages, 3076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. Honey Prevents Inflammation Response and Inhibits Ferroptosis by Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in DSS-Induced Human Caco-2 Cells

by Caijun Ren, Yuying Zhu, Qiangqiang Li, Miao Wang, Suzhen Qi, Dandan Sun, Liming Wu and Liuwei Zhao

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080900 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 340

Abstract

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (L. bicolor) honey, a monofloral honey, has garnered increased attention due to its origin in the L. bicolor plant. A previous study has shown that L. bicolor honey can ameliorate inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (L. bicolor) honey, a monofloral honey, has garnered increased attention due to its origin in the L. bicolor plant. A previous study has shown that L. bicolor honey can ameliorate inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of L. bicolor honey extract and its biomarker (Trifolin) on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). Our results demonstrated that L. bicolor honey extract and Trifolin significantly increased the expression levels of the tight junction cytokines Claudin-1 and ZO-1. Additionally, they decreased the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 and enhanced the antioxidant factors NQO1 and GSTA1. Based on metabolomic analyses, L. bicolor honey extract and Trifolin regulated the progression of UC by inhibiting ferroptosis. Mechanistically, they improved the levels of SOD and iron load, increased the GSH/GSSG ratio, reduced MDA content and ROS release, and upregulated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thereby inhibiting DSS-induced UC. Moreover, the expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes indicated that they decreased FTL, ACSL4, and PTGS2 while increasing SLC7A11 expression to resist ferroptosis. In conclusion, our study found that L. bicolor honey improves DSS-induced UC by inhibiting ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These findings further elucidate the understanding of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of L. bicolor honey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Products as a Source of Natural Antioxidants: Second Edition)

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14 pages, 4612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Change of Flavonoid Content in Wheatgrass in a Historic Collection of Wheat Cultivars

by Chu-Yang Wang, Xiao-Ming Li, Han-Xiao Du, Yan Yan, Zhong-Zhong Chen, Chen-Xi Zhang, Xin-Bo Yan, Shui-Yuan Hao and Jin-Ying Gou

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080899 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 246

Abstract

Wheatgrass is recognized for its nutritional and medicinal properties, partly attributed to its flavonoid content. The objective of this study was to assess the flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of wheatgrass obtained from a wide range of 145 wheat cultivars, which included Chinese [...] Read more.

Wheatgrass is recognized for its nutritional and medicinal properties, partly attributed to its flavonoid content. The objective of this study was to assess the flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of wheatgrass obtained from a wide range of 145 wheat cultivars, which included Chinese landraces (CL), modern Chinese cultivars (MCC), and introduced modern cultivars (IMC). The flavonoids were extracted using a solution of 80% methanol, and their content was evaluated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The results revealed the assessed cultivars showed significant variation in their total flavonoid content (TFC), with MCCs generally having higher amounts compared to CLs. PCA analysis demonstrated clear variations in flavonoid profiles between different cultivar groups, emphasizing the evolutionary inconsistencies in wheat breeding. The antioxidant assays, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, exhibited robust abilities for eliminating radicals, which were found to be directly associated with the amounts of flavonoids. In addition, this study investigated the correlation between the content of flavonoids and the ability to resist powdery mildew in a collection of mutated wheat plants. Mutants exhibiting heightened flavonoid accumulation demonstrated a decreased severity of powdery mildew, suggesting that flavonoids play a protective role against fungal infections. The results highlight the potential of wheatgrass as a valuable source of flavonoids that have antioxidant and protective effects. This potential is influenced by the genetic diversity and breeding history of wheatgrass. Gaining insight into these connections can guide future wheat breeding endeavors aimed at improving nutritional value and in strengthening disease resistance. The current finding provides critical information for developing wheatgrass with high flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Full article

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37 pages, 7599 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multitarget Pharmacology of Sulfur–Nitrogen Heterocycles: Anticancer and Antioxidant Perspectives

by Aliki Drakontaeidi, Ilias Papanotas and Eleni Pontiki

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080898 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 462

Abstract

Cancer and oxidative stress are interrelated, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing crucial roles in physiological processes and oncogenesis. Excessive ROS levels can induce DNA damage, leading to cancer, and disrupt antioxidant defenses, contributing to diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Antioxidant mechanisms [...] Read more.

Cancer and oxidative stress are interrelated, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing crucial roles in physiological processes and oncogenesis. Excessive ROS levels can induce DNA damage, leading to cancer, and disrupt antioxidant defenses, contributing to diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Antioxidant mechanisms include enzymes and small molecules that mitigate ROS damage. However, cancer cells often exploit oxidative conditions to evade apoptosis and promote tumor growth. Antioxidant therapy has shown mixed results, with timing and cancer-type influencing outcomes. Multifunctional drugs targeting multiple pathways offer a promising approach, reducing side effects and improving efficacy. Recent research focuses on sulfur-nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives for their dual antioxidant and anticancer properties, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy in oncology. The newly synthesized compounds often do not demonstrate both antioxidant and anticancer properties simultaneously. Heterocyclic rings are typically combined with phenyl groups, where hydroxy substitutions enhance antioxidant activity. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing substituents, particularly at the p-position on the phenyl ring, tend to enhance anticancer activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section ROS, RNS and RSS)

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22 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Multifaceted Role of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Cancer Prevention, Occurrence, and Treatment

by Shuai Yan, Jiajie Lu, Bingqing Chen, Liuxia Yuan, Lin Chen, Linglin Ju, Weihua Cai and Jinzhu Wu

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080897 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 427

Abstract

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound synthesized by mitochondria and widely distributed in both animal and plant tissues. It primarily influences cellular metabolism and oxidative stress networks through its antioxidant properties and is an important drug for treating metabolic diseases associated [...] Read more.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound synthesized by mitochondria and widely distributed in both animal and plant tissues. It primarily influences cellular metabolism and oxidative stress networks through its antioxidant properties and is an important drug for treating metabolic diseases associated with oxidative damage. Nevertheless, research indicates that the mechanism by which ALA affects cancer cells is distinct from that observed in normal cells, exhibiting pro-oxidative properties. Therefore, this review aims to describe the main chemical and biological functions of ALA in the cancer environment, including its mechanisms and effects in tumor prevention and anticancer activity, as well as its role as an adjunctive drug in cancer therapy. We specifically focus on the interactions between ALA and various carcinogenic and anti-carcinogenic pathways and discuss ALA’s pro-oxidative capabilities in the unique redox environment of cancer cells. Additionally, we elaborate on ALA’s roles in nanomedicine, hypoxia-inducible factors, and cancer stem cell research, proposing hypotheses and potential explanations for currently unresolved issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Health Benefits of Novel Antioxidant Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 10571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Transcriptionally Upregulates Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 Expression and Inhibits Ectopic Calcification in Mice

by Ida Tomomi, Hiroyuki Kanzaki, Miho Shimoyama, Syunnosuke Tohyama, Misao Ishikawa, Yuta Katsumata, Chihiro Arai, Satoshi Wada, Shugo Manase and Hiroshi Tomonari

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080896 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 328

Abstract

Calcification plays a key role in biological processes, and breakdown of the regulatory mechanism results in a pathological state such as ectopic calcification. We hypothesized that ENPP1, the enzyme that produces the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate, is transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2, and that Nrf2 [...] Read more.

Calcification plays a key role in biological processes, and breakdown of the regulatory mechanism results in a pathological state such as ectopic calcification. We hypothesized that ENPP1, the enzyme that produces the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate, is transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2, and that Nrf2 activation augments ENPP1 expression to inhibit ectopic calcification. Cell culture experiments were performed using mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Nrf2 was activated by 5-aminolevulinic acid and sodium ferrous citrate. Nrf2 overexpression was induced by the transient transfection of an Nrf2 expression plasmid. ENPP1 expression was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. Because the promoter region of ENPP1 contains several Nrf2-binding sites, chromatin immunoprecipitation using an anti-Nrf2 antibody followed by real-time PCR (ChIP-qPCR) was performed. The relationship between Nrf2 activation and osteoblastic differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin red staining. We used mice with a hypomorphic mutation in ENPP1 (ttw mice) to analyze whether Nrf2 activation inhibits ectopic calcification. Nrf2 and Nrf2 overexpression augmented ENPP1 expression and inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, as indicated by ALP expression and calcium deposits. ChIP-qPCR showed that some putative Nrf2-binding sites in the ENPP1 promoter region were bound by Nrf2. Nrf2 activation inhibited ectopic calcification in mice. ENPP1 gene expression was transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2, and Nrf2 activation augmented ENPP1 expression, leading to the attenuation of osteoblastic differentiation and ectopic calcification in vitro and in vivo. Nrf2 activation has a therapeutic potential for preventing ectopic calcification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nrf2 and ROS in Bone Metabolism)

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30 pages, 10529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant, Antitumoral, Antimicrobial, and Prebiotic Activity of Magnetite Nanoparticles Loaded with Bee Pollen/Bee Bread Extracts and 5-Fluorouracil

by Cornelia-Ioana Ilie, Angela Spoiala, Cristina Chircov, Georgiana Dolete, Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea, Bogdan-Stefan Vasile, Simona Adriana Crainiceanu, Adrian-Ionut Nicoara, Ioana Cristina Marinas, Miruna Silvia Stan, Lia-Mara Ditu, Anton Ficai and Eliza Oprea

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080895 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 286

Abstract

The gut microbiota dysbiosis that often occurs in cancer therapy requires more efficient treatment options to be developed. In this concern, the present research approach is to develop drug delivery systems based on magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) as nanocarriers for bioactive compounds. First, MNPs [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota dysbiosis that often occurs in cancer therapy requires more efficient treatment options to be developed. In this concern, the present research approach is to develop drug delivery systems based on magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) as nanocarriers for bioactive compounds. First, MNPs were synthesized through the spraying-assisted coprecipitation method, followed by loading bee pollen or bee bread extracts and an antitumoral drug (5-fluorouracil/5-FU). The loaded-MNPs were morphologically and structurally characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analysis. UV-Vis spectroscopy was applied to establish the release profiles and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the antibacterial and antitumoral activity of loaded-MNPs was assessed. The results demonstrate that MNPs with antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative, and prebiotic properties are obtained. Moreover, the data highlight the improvement of 5-FU antibacterial activity by loading on the MNPs’ surface and the synergistic effects between the anticancer drug and phenolic compounds (PCs). In addition, the prolonged release behavior of PCs for many hours (70–75 h) after the release of 5-FU from the developed nanocarriers is an advantage, at least from the point of view of the antioxidant activity of PCs. Considering the enhancement of L. rhamnosus MF9 growth and antitumoral activity, this study developed promising drug delivery alternatives for colorectal cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Antioxidant Nanoparticles, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 4483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Hindered Phenol-Linked Benzophenone Hybrid Compound as a Potential Polymer Anti-Aging Agent

by Shenshuai Wang, Yingjie Huang, Weiye Sun and Xufeng Lin

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080894 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Hindered phenol antioxidants and benzophenone UV absorbers are common polymer additives and often used in combination applications to enhance the anti-aging performance of polymer materials. This study primarily aims to incorporate hindered phenol and benzophenone structures into a single molecule to develop a [...] Read more.

Hindered phenol antioxidants and benzophenone UV absorbers are common polymer additives and often used in combination applications to enhance the anti-aging performance of polymer materials. This study primarily aims to incorporate hindered phenol and benzophenone structures into a single molecule to develop a multifunctional polymer additive with good anti-aging performance. Thus, a novel potential polymer anti-aging agent, namely 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl ester (3C), was synthesized using 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-bromo-1-propanol, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone as raw materials by two-step procedure. The structure of compound 3C was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Its thermal stability and UV resistance were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV absorption spectroscopy (UV). The compound 3C as an additive was incorporated into the preparation of polyolefin elastomer (POE) films. The anti-aging performance of POE films was evaluated by measuring parameters such as oxidation induction time, melt flow index, transmittance, and infrared spectra of the artificially aged POE films. The results indicate that the compound 3C exhibits a promising anti-aging performance in both thermo-oxidative aging and ultraviolet aging tests of POE films and is a potential polymer anti-aging agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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17 pages, 1890 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium: A Defense Line to Mitigate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue

by Roberta Cazzola, Matteo Della Porta, Gabriele Piuri and Jeanette A. Maier

Antioxidants 2024, 13(8), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080893 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 551

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) is involved in essential cellular and physiological processes. Globally, inadequate consumption of Mg is widespread among populations, especially those who consume processed foods, and its homeostasis is impaired in obese individuals and type 2 diabetes patients. Since Mg deficiency triggers oxidative [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg) is involved in essential cellular and physiological processes. Globally, inadequate consumption of Mg is widespread among populations, especially those who consume processed foods, and its homeostasis is impaired in obese individuals and type 2 diabetes patients. Since Mg deficiency triggers oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, common features of several frequent chronic non-communicable diseases, interest in this mineral is growing in clinical medicine as well as in biomedicine. To date, very little is known about the role of Mg deficiency in adipose tissue. In obesity, the increase in fat tissue leads to changes in the release of cytokines, causing low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration. Hypomagnesemia in obesity can potentiate the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and decreased ATP production. Importantly, Mg plays a role in regulating intracellular calcium concentration and is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin receptor activity. This narrative review aims to consolidate existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and raise awareness of the critical role of Mg in supporting adipose tissue metabolism and preventing oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue)

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Antioxidants, Volume 13, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 40 articles

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