Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. South African Flora: A Rich Source of Flavonoids
3. Antioxidant Potential of Flavonoids
3.1. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Flavonoids
3.2. Anti-Cancer Effects of Flavonoids
3.3. Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Flavonoids
3.4. Anti-Microbial Effects of Flavonoids
4. Flavonoid-Mediated Nanoparticles and Their Efficacy
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Species | Flavonoids | Traditional Uses | References |
---|---|---|---|
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) | Flavonols like quercetin and aspalathin | A traditional herbal infusion that is consumed for its refreshing taste and potential health benefits | [30,31] |
Cyclopia intermedia (Honey bush) | Various flavonoids | Soothing coughs and easing respiratory issues like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and catarrh | [33] |
Hoodia gordonii | Quercetin, kaempferol | Appetite-suppressing properties | [34,35] |
Cycads (Various species) | Various flavonoids among diverse phytochemical constituents | Consumption as a starchy food source, raising conservation concerns | [37] |
Pelargonium sidoides (Umckaloabo) | Quercetin derivatives | Treating respiratory infections | [38] |
Sceletium tortuosum | Mesembrine alkaloids (distinctive flavonoid type) | Mood enhancement and stress reduction | [40] |
Flavonoids | Cancer Type | Cell Line | Effect | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genistein | Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 | G2/M phase arrest, Apoptosis | ROS dependency | [92] |
Daidzein | Breast cancer | MCF-7 | Apoptosis induction | ROS generation | [93] |
Hesperetin | Gall bladder, esophageal, hepatocellular, and breast cancer | MCF-7 | Apoptosis trigger | Mitochondrial pathway, ROS production | [94,95,96,97] |
Naringenin | Choriocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, and prostate cancer | JAR, JEG 3 A431, PC3 and LNCaP | Anticancer effects | ROS generation, apoptotic pathways | [98,99,100] |
Cocoa Catechins/Procyanidins | Ovarian cancer | OAW42 and OVCAR3 | Apoptosis | DNA damage, apoptotic changes | [103] |
Cocoa Catechins/Procyanidins | Adenocarcinoma | Caco2 | Oxidative Stress Protection | Reduced ROS production | [109] |
Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract | Liver cancer | HepG2 | ERK1/2 pathway activation | Increased antioxidant enzyme activity | [108] |
Quercetin | Liver cancer | HepG2 | Chemo preventive properties | Reduced proliferation, decreased ROS levels | [111] |
Quercetin | Gastric adenocarcinoma and breast cancer | AGS and MCF-7 | Apoptosis induction | Increased ROS production | [112] |
Kaempferol | Bladder cancer | EJ | Growth inhibition | Apoptosis, S phase arrest, ROS modulation | [113] |
Kaempferol | Colorectal cancer | HCT116, HCT15, and SW480 | Apoptosis activation | Caspase activation, ROS generation | [114] |
Kaempferol | Hepatocellular carcinoma | HepG2 | Cytotoxic effects | Mitochondrial targeting, ROS mediation | [115] |
Apigenin | Ovarian cancer | A2780, OVCAR-3, and SKOV-3 | Apoptosis promotion | ROS signaling alteration | [116] |
Apigenin | Cervical cancer | HeLa, SiHa, CaSki, and C33A | Apoptosis activation | ROS generation, mitochondrial pathway | [117] |
Chrysin | Choriocarcinoma, bladder cancer, and ovarian cancer | JAR, JEG3, ES2 and OV90 | Induction of death | Increased ROS, lipid peroxidation | [118,119] |
Cyanidin | Prostate cancer | DU145 and LnCap | Induced cell death | ROS modulation | [121] |
Cyanidin and Delphinidin | Colorectal cancer | LoVo and LoVo/ADR | Cytotoxic effects | ROS accumulation | [122] |
Flavonoids | Nanomaterials | Size (nm) | Biomedical Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | Ag-SeNPs | 30–35 nm | Exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. | [189] |
Proanthocyanidin | AuNPs | 17–29 nm | Efficient cardio-protective potential with good biocompatibility | [192] |
Luteolin | AgNPs | 13 nm | Antimicrobial activity against B. subtilus | [193] |
Kaempferol | AuNPs | 16.5 nm | Anticancer activity against human breast cancer. | [190] |
Apiin | AuNPs | 21 nm | Anticancer activity | [191] |
Baicalein | AuNPs | 39 nm | Antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa | [195] |
Flavonoids (Dalbergia spinosa) | AgNPs | 18 nm | Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis) activities | [196] |
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Zahra, M.; Abrahamse, H.; George, B.P. Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080922
Zahra M, Abrahamse H, George BP. Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(8):922. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080922
Chicago/Turabian StyleZahra, Mehak, Heidi Abrahamse, and Blassan P. George. 2024. "Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080922