Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Horses and Training
2.2. Blood Sampling
2.3. Cytokine and PGE Assays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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ATX Group (n = 6) | Control Group (n = 8) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of races completed | 0.662 | ||
0 | 1 | 2 | |
1 | 0 | 1 | |
2 | 1 | 1 | |
3 | 2 | 1 | |
4 | 0 | 1 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | |
6 | 2 | 2 | |
Number of races won | 0.852 | ||
0 | 3 | 4 | |
1 | 2 | 4 | |
2 | 1 | 0 |
Month | Friedman Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | April | May | June | July | p-Value | |
WBC [G/L] | ATX (n = 6) | 10.1 (9.7–11.7) | 8.9 (7.6–10.2) | 9.6 (8.1–12.1) | 9.4 (8.3–11.5) | 0.126 |
Control (n = 8) | 9.8 (7.8–10.8) | 9.5 (8.1–11.7) | 9.9 (8.8–10.9) | 9.0 (8.3–10.3) | ||
RBC [G/L] | ATX (n = 6) | 10.3 (9.4–11.8) | 9.9 (9.9–11.4) | 10.1 (8.9–12.3) | 10.4 (9.3–12.1) | 0.341 |
Control (n = 8) | 10.3 (8.1–12.8) | 9.9 (4.1–12.8) | 10.6 (9.3–13.1) | 10.3 (8.7–12.4) | ||
HGB [g/dL] | ATX (n = 6) | 15.0 (14.1–17.4) | 14.8 (13.6–17) | 14.5 (14.1–15.7) | 15.9 (14.0–18.8) | 0.509 |
Control (n = 8) | 15.6 (12.8–17.5) | 14.9 (6.1–17.8) | 15.7 (15.7–18.9) | 15.9 (13.3–18.7) | ||
HCT [%] | ATX (n = 6) | 43.0 (40.5–49.1) | 40.7 (37.9–46.4) | 42.3 (37.0–55.9) | 44.1 (38.1–54.5) | 0.362 |
Control (n = 8) | 43.4 (35.9–49.6) | 40.8 (17.4–51.7) | 45.1 (37.4–55.7) | 43.6 (36.6–51.7) |
Group | Month | Friedman Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April | May | June | July | p-Value | ||
TNFα | ATX (n = 6) | 138 (94.4–372) | 6.5 (0–98.9) | 1.1 (0–129) | 0.6 (0–12.2) | <0.001 |
Control (n = 8) | 185.4 (0–477) | 0 (0–15.6) | 7.2 (0–76.7) | 0 (0–1.2) | ||
p-value a | 0.846 | 0.259 | 0.999 | 0.256 | ||
IFNγ | ATX (n = 6) | 25.9 (17.3–80.0) | 19.7 (13.6–43.6) | 16.4 (5.5–30.9) | 10.8 (7.3–17.3) | 0.001 |
Control (n = 8) | 25.5 (4.6–40.0) | 15.5 (10.0–29.1) | 8.6 (0–43.6) | 10.6 (0–26.4) | ||
p-value a | 0.747 | 0.299 | 0.196 | 0.394 | ||
IL-6 | ATX (n = 6) | 0 (0–55.0) | 0 (0–107.0) | 0 (0–99.0) | 5.4 (0–108) | 0.597 |
Control (n = 8) | 0 (0–130) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–79.0) | 0 (0–10.8) | ||
p-value a | 0.518 | 0.112 | 0.928 | 0.321 | ||
IL-10 | ATX (n = 6) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–59.7) | 0 (0–13.2) | 0.15 (0–0.7) | 0.908 |
Control (n = 8) | 4.0 (0–107) | 0 (0–8.5) | 0 (0–1.3) | 0 (0–7.0) | ||
p-value a | 0.063 | 0.419 | 0.323 | 0.886 | ||
PGE | ATX (n = 6) | 2395 | 2444 | 2506 | 2418 | 0.510 |
(2330–2585) | (2389–2521) | (2375–2537) | (2364–2512) | |||
Control (n = 8) | 2424 | 2419 | 2418 | 2421 | ||
(1468–2540) | (2324–2490) | (1164–2570) | (2177–2565) | |||
p-value a | 0.949 | 0.272 | 0.333 | 0.948 |
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Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold, B.; Kulka, M.; Czopowicz, M.; Szarska, E.; Strzelec, K.; Grzeczka, A.; Graczyk, S.; Wiśniewska, M.; Jędrzejkowska, Z.; Rumińska, A.; et al. Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080905
Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold B, Kulka M, Czopowicz M, Szarska E, Strzelec K, Grzeczka A, Graczyk S, Wiśniewska M, Jędrzejkowska Z, Rumińska A, et al. Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(8):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080905
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiercuszkiewicz-Hecold, Beata, Marek Kulka, Michał Czopowicz, Ewa Szarska, Katarzyna Strzelec, Arkadiusz Grzeczka, Szymon Graczyk, Marta Wiśniewska, Zofia Jędrzejkowska, Aleksandra Rumińska, and et al. 2024. "Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080905