Biological Properties of Boletus edulis Extract on Caco-2 Cells: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Boletus edulis Characterization
2.2. Extraction of Boletus edulis Bioactive Compounds
2.3. Chemical Composition Extract
2.3.1. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content
2.3.2. Phenolic Compound Identification and Quantification
2.3.3. Sugar Identification and Quantification
2.3.4. Antioxidant Activity of the Extract
2.4. Cell Culture and Viability
2.5. Cell Cycle Analysis and DNA Content
2.6. Cell Apoptosis Evaluation
2.7. Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Caspase-3
2.8. Autophagy Determination
2.9. Determination of Intracellular Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.10. Determination of Thioredoxin Activity
2.11. mRNA Expression Levels of iNOS and COX-2
2.12. COX-2 Immunofluorescence
2.13. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Approximate Composition of BE
3.2. Chemical Composition of BE Extracts
3.3. Antiproliferative Effect of BE Extracts on Caco-2 Cells
3.4. Induction of Cell Death by BE Extracts
3.5. Effect of BE Extracts on Redox Activity of Colon Cancer Cells
3.6. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of BE Extracts on Colon Cancer Cells
3.7. Protective Effect of the Extracts on the Intestinal Barrier
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition (%) | |
---|---|
Carbohydrates | 58.1 ± 2.8 |
Extractives | |
Water | 36.8 ± 0.3 |
Ethanol | 43.5 ± 0.5 |
Protein | 19.7 ± 0.9 |
Fat | 2.4 ± 0.1 |
Ash | 5.4 ± 0.1 |
Energy (kcal/100 g) | 333 |
Minerals (mg/kg dry BE) | |
---|---|
K | 21,500 ± 471 |
P | 4039 ± 69 |
Mg | 645 ± 20 |
Na | 614 ± 19 |
Ca | 138 ± 8 |
Zn | 106 ± 14 |
Al | 110 ± 6 |
Fe | 66 ± 9 |
Se | 62 ± 7 |
Mn | 17 ± 0.4 |
Cu | 13 ± 0.3 |
Ba | 6.5 ± 0.2 |
Ni | 5.4 ± 0.1 |
TPC (mg GAE/g dry BE extract) | 79 ± 4 |
TFC (mg CE/g dry BE extract) | 7.9 ± 0.9 |
Individual phenolic compounds (µg/g dry BE extract) | |
Kaempferol | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
Quercetin | 99 ± 7 |
Taxifolin | 259 ± 20 |
Rutin | 465 ± 35 |
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 53 ± 5 |
Ferulic acid | 85 ± 6 |
Ellagic acid | 532 ± 44 |
Rosmarinic acid | 97 ± 5 |
Cinnamic acid | 172 ± 33 |
Antioxidant activity | |
FRAP (µmol Fe2+/g dry BE extract) | 103 ± 6 |
DPPH (µmol TE/g dry BE extract) | 17 ± 0.1 |
ABTS (µmol TE/g dry BE extract) | 52 ± 2.5 |
Sugars | Content (mg/g BE Extract) |
---|---|
Trehalose | 341 ± 0.1 |
Rhamnose | 51 ± 6 |
Mannitol | 23 ± 0.5 |
Glucose | 16.6 ± 0.3 |
Fructose | 6.7 ± 0.2 |
Minerals (mg/kg Dry BE Extract) | |
---|---|
K | 27,691.9 ± 156 |
P | 3234.3 ± 112 |
Na | 1416.0 ± 66 |
Mg | 572.4 ± 36 |
Ca | 139.7 ± 13 |
Zn | 49.8 ± 5.1 |
Se | 26.9 ± 1.2 |
Cu | 12.8 ± 1.1 |
Fe | 12.7 ± 2.3 |
Mn | 4.1 ± 0.4 |
Ni | 2.4 ± 0.1 |
Ba | <LOQ |
24 h | 48 h | 72 h |
---|---|---|
>2000 | 1880 ± 18 | 1509 ± 43 |
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Quero, J.; Paesa, M.; Morales, C.; Mendoza, G.; Osada, J.; Teixeira, J.A.; Ferreira-Santos, P.; Rodríguez-Yoldi, M.J. Biological Properties of Boletus edulis Extract on Caco-2 Cells: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080908
Quero J, Paesa M, Morales C, Mendoza G, Osada J, Teixeira JA, Ferreira-Santos P, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ. Biological Properties of Boletus edulis Extract on Caco-2 Cells: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(8):908. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080908
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuero, Javier, Mónica Paesa, Carmen Morales, Gracia Mendoza, Jesús Osada, José António Teixeira, Pedro Ferreira-Santos, and María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi. 2024. "Biological Properties of Boletus edulis Extract on Caco-2 Cells: Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080908