TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES

INTEGRALS
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULA’S
F(x) +c
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 +𝑐
𝑛+1
1 log|𝑥 | + 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥
+𝑐
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 -cot 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 − cos −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
√1 − 𝑥2
1 tan−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 cot −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1 sec −1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 csc −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 log|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 | + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 log|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

METHODS OF INTEGRATION

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION: if we have to evaluate an integral of the type ∫ 𝑓 {∅(𝑥 )} . ∅′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 then

We put ∅(𝑥 ) = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡. with this substitution, the integrand becomes easily integrable
1
Case 1 when the integrand is of the form 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝑤𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 dt
Case 3 when the integrand is of the form {𝑓 (𝑥 )}𝑛 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ), 𝑤𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑓′ (𝑥)
Case 4 when the integrand is of the form , 𝑤𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑓(𝑥)

INTEGRATION USING TRIGNOMETRIC IDENTITIES

When the integrand consists of trigonometric functions , we use known identities to convert it into a form which
can be integrated . Some of the identities useful for this purpose are given below
𝑥
(a) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥
(b) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(c) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 = sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) + sin(𝑎 − 𝑏)
(d) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 = sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) − sin(𝑎 − 𝑏)
(e) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 = cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) + cos(𝑎 − 𝑏)
(f) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 = cos(𝑎 − 𝑏) − cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

𝑖𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢. ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ { ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

We can express this results as given below :

Integral of product of two functions

=(1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) × (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 ) − ∫(𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡) × (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 )𝑑x

For the order of 1st and 2nd function we use I L A T E

I=INVERSE , L=LOG,A=ALGEBRIC, T=TRIGNOMETRIC , AND E= EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑐

SOME SPECIAL INTEGRALS

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
1. ∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
𝑎2 −𝑥2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
2. ∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
3. ∫ = tan−1 + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2| + 𝑐
√𝑎2 +𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ =𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
6. ∫ = sin−1 + 𝑐
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑥
If we have an integral of the form ∫ , then we put the denominator in the form [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 ± 𝑏2 ]
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
and then integrate
𝒑𝒙+𝒒
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝑑
Let (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 ) = 𝐴. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐵

Find A and B now, the integrand so obtained can be integrated easily

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ∫ 𝒂+𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 , ∫ 𝒂+𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 , ∫ 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙+𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙

In each such an integral, we divide the numerator and denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 and put 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

Integrals of the form ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 )√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑑
Let (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 ) = 𝐴. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ) + 𝐵

Find A and B

Then, we get the integrand which is easily integrable

INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTION

𝑝(𝑥)
Any proper rational fraction 𝑞(𝑥) can be expressed as the sum of rational fractions,each having a simplest factor
q(x) each such fraction known as partial fractions

Method: we first resolve the denominator of the given in simplest factors . on the basis of these factors,we
obtain the corresponding [partial fraction as per rules given below

FACTOR IN THE DENOMINATOR CORRESPONDING PARTIAL FRACTION

𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎 )2 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎 )2
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐 ) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 (𝑥 − 𝑏 )2
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+ 2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 ) 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 )
SOME MORE FORMULA’S

𝑥 𝑎2 −1 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎 − 𝑥 + sin
2 2 +𝑐
2 2 𝑎
𝑥 𝑎2
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 + log |𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
2 2
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2
∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
2 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
AS LIMIT OF SUM

SOME SPECIAL SERIES

𝑛(𝑛−1)
1+2+3+------------------(n-1) = 2

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2𝑛 − 1)
12 + 22 + 3 2 + − − − − − (𝑛 − 1)2 =
6

13 + 23 + 3 3 ± − − − − − −
2
𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)
(𝑛 − 1 )3 =[ ]
2
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ[𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑎 + 2ℎ) − − − − − 𝑓 (𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ)]
𝑎 ℎ→0

𝑛ℎ = 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

𝑎

Note: here ,a and b are respectively known as the lower limit and upper limit of the integral
𝑏
Here value of a definite integral is unique for if ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐 then ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

To evaluate a definite integral by substitution

𝑏
In ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, when the variable x is converted into a new variable t by some relation then we put x=a and x=b
in that relation to obtain the corresponding values of t, giving the lower limit respectively of the new integrands
in t
Properties of definite integrals
𝑏 𝑏
P0:∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑏 𝑎
P1:∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
P2:∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏
P3:∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
P4:∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
P5:∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
P6: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
P7: ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 0
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥 )𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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