MODULE OVERVIEW

This module will focus on definite integration. You will

apply all the integration techniques learned in the previous
modules. Definite integral is the value of the function within
defined limits. In this module, definite integral will be defined
thoroughly and the procedure in solving will also be discussed.

After every sub-topic are illustrative examples with

comprehensive explanation of the solutions. At the end of every
lesson, there are problem exercises to be solved and should be
submitted before or during the set date. Late submissions will
incur deduction of points.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Engr. KISSA P. BANAWIS
Instructor I At the end of this module, you should be able to:
09162417934 1. apply the theorems of the definite integrals, and
[email protected]
2. solve the definite integral of a function.

LESSON 1: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definition 1

Let f(x) be a function that is defined on a closed interval [a, b].

The definite integral of f(x) from “a” to “b”, denoted by:
𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, b > a

Notes :

a. If the definite integral of f(x) from “a’ to “b” exists, then f(x) is said to
be integrable on the closed interval [a, b] or that means that the
integral
𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 exists

∫
b. The symbol is called an integral sign. The literal numbers “a”
and “b” are referred to as the limits of integration, where “a” is
called the lower limit and “b” is the upper limit.

c. The “f(x)” which appears to the right of the integral sign is called
the integrand while “dx” is merely used to indicate that “x’ is the
variable of integration.

Definition 2
𝒃 𝒂
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
 This means that “interchanging the limits of integration
changes the sign of the integral.”

Definition 3

If f(a) exists, then

𝒂
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 0.

LESSON 2: THE PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Theorem 1
𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = k (b – a)

Illustrative Example:
8
∫2 4 𝑑𝑥 = 4 (8 – 2) = 4 (4) = 16

Theorem 2

If f(x) is integrable on [a, b] and “k” is any real number, then

“k ∙ f(x)” is integrable on [a, b] and

𝒃 𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Illustrative Example:
3 3
∫0 2(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

Theorem 3

If f(x) and g(x) are integrable on [a, b], then “f(x) + g(x)” is
integrable on [a, b] and
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
∫𝒂 [𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Illustrative Example:
1 1 1
∫−1(𝑥 3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Likewise, if “f(x) – g(x)” is integrable on [a, b] then

𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
∫𝒂 [𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Illustrative Example:
1 1 1
∫−1(𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Theorem 4

If a < b < c and “f(x)” is integrable on both [a, b],and [b, c], then
“f(x)” is integrable on [a, c] and
𝒄 𝒃 𝒄
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Illustrative Example:
5 3 5
∫1 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

LESSON 3: THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL

CALCULUS

If f(x) is continuous on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b and if F(x) is an

indefinite integral of f(x), then:
b
𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = F(x) = F(b) – F(a)
a

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
𝟑
1. ∫−𝟐(𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔)𝒅𝒙
Solution:
First, integrate the given function.
3 3
= ∫−2 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫−2 6 𝑑𝑥

5𝑥 3 3
=| – 6x|
3 −2

Next, substitute the upper and lower limits to the integral

equation above and subtract.
5(3)3 5(−2)3
= [ – 6(3)] − [ – 6(−2)]
3 3
−40
= 27 − [ + 12]
3
−40 + 36
= 27 − [ ]
3
4 81+ 4
= 27 + 3 = 3
𝟖𝟓
= = 28.333
𝟑
 𝟐 𝟑
2. ∫−𝟏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
First, expand the given function to easily integrate.
2
= ∫−1(𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥7 3𝑥5 3𝑥3 2
=| + + + 𝑥|
7 5 3 −1
𝑥7 3𝑥5 2
3
=| + + 𝑥 + 𝑥|
7 5 −1

Next, substitute the upper and lower limits to the integral

equation above and subtract.
(2)7 3(2)5 (−1)7 3(−1)5
= [ + + (2)3 + 2] − [ + + (−1)3 − 1]
7 5 7 5
128 96 1 3
= [ + + 10] − [− 7 − − 2]
7 5 5
640+672+350 5+21+70
= [ ] − [− ]
35 35
1662 96
= [ ] + [35]
35
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟖
= =50.228
𝟑𝟓

𝟒 𝟑𝟐
3. ∫𝟏 (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖√𝒙 + 𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

Solution:
First, integrate the given function.

4 4 4 32
= ∫1 (4x) dx − ∫1 (8√x) dx + ∫1 ( x3 ) dx
4𝑥 2 16𝑥 3/2 32 4
=| – + (−2)𝑥 2 |
2 3 1

16𝑥 3/2 16 4
= |2𝑥 2 – − 𝑥2|
3 1

Next, substitute the upper and lower limits to the integral

equation above and subtract.
16(4)3/2 16 16(1)3/2 16
= [2(4)2 – − (4)2] − [2(1)2 – − (1)2]
3 3
16(8) 16 16 16
= [32 – − 16] − [2 – − ]
3 3 1
 128 16
= [32 – − 1] − [2 – − 16]
3 3
96−128−3 6−16−48
= [ ]−[ ]
3 3
−35 −58
= [ ]−[ ]
3 3
−35 58
= +
3 3
𝟐𝟑
= = 7.667
𝟑

𝟐
4. ∫𝟎 𝒆𝟑𝒙/𝟒 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
First, integrate the given function.

4 2
= 3 |𝑒 3𝑥/4 |
0

Next, substitute the upper and lower limits to the integral

equation above and subtract.
4
= [𝑒 3(2)/4 − 𝑒 0 ]
3
𝟒
= [𝒆𝟑/𝟐 − 𝟏] = 4.642
𝟑

𝟏
5. ∫𝟎 (𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
First, expand the given function to easily integrate.
1
= ∫0 (𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 (𝑒 5𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒5𝑥 3𝑒4𝑥 3𝑒3𝑥 𝑒2𝑥 1
=| + + + |
5 4 3 2 0
𝑒5𝑥 3𝑒4𝑥 𝑒2𝑥 1
=| + + 𝑒3𝑥 + |
5 4 0 2
4𝑒5𝑥 + 15𝑒4𝑥 + 20 𝑒3𝑥 + 10 𝑒2𝑥 1
=| |
20 0
1 1
= 20
|4𝑒 5𝑥 + 15𝑒 4𝑥
+ 20 𝑒 3𝑥 + 10 𝑒 2𝑥 |
0

Next, substitute the upper and lower limits to the integral

equation above and subtract.
1
= 20
[4𝑒5(1) + 15𝑒4(1) + 20 𝑒3(1) + 10 𝑒2(1) ] −
 1
20
[4𝑒5(0) + 15𝑒4(0) + 20 𝑒3(0) + 10 𝑒2(0) ]
1 1
= 20 [4𝑒5 + 15𝑒4 + 20 𝑒3 + 10 𝑒2 ] − 20 [4 + 15 + 20 + 10 ]
𝟏
= 𝟐𝟎 (𝟒𝒆𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒆𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎 𝒆𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒆𝟐 − 𝟒𝟗)
= 91.961

𝟐𝝅 𝒙
6. ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝟖

Solution:
First, integrate the given trigonometric function.
2𝜋 𝑥
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
8
𝑥 2𝜋
= −8 |cos 8|
0

Next, substitute the upper and lower limits to the integral

equation above and subtract.
2𝜋
= −8 (cos 8
− cos 0)
𝝅
= −𝟖 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 − 𝟏)
𝝅
= 𝟖 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 ) = 2.343

LESSON 4: THE WALLIS’ FORMULA

For the definite integration of integrands consisting of

combination of “sin x” and “cos x” with positive integral powers, the
Wallis’ formula may be used:

𝝅/𝟐 [(𝒎−𝟏)(𝒎−𝟑)…(𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏)][(𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟑)…(𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏)]

∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∙𝜶
[(𝒎+𝒏)(𝒎+𝒏−𝟐)(𝒎+𝒏−𝟒)…(𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏)]

where  = /2, if “m” and “n” are both even; and

= 1, if either “m” or “n” is odd.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
𝝅/𝟐
1. ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
Upon inspection of the integral of the function involving sin x and
cos x trigonometric functions, we can apply Wallis’ Formula since
𝜋
upper and lower limits are 2 and 0, respectively.
Given:
m = 5, n = 3 and α = 1 (since n is odd)

𝜋/2 [(5−1)(5−3)][(3−1)]
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙1
[(5+3−2)(5+3−4)(5+3−6)]
(4)(2)(2) 𝟏
= =
(6)(4)(2) 𝟑
𝝅/𝟐
2. ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
Upon inspection of the integral of the function involving sin x and
cos x trigonometric functions, we can apply Wallis’ Formula since
𝜋
upper and lower limits are 2 and 0, respectively.

Given:
𝜋
m = 6, n = 4 and α = (since m and n are both even numbers)
2

𝜋/2 [(6−1)(6−3)(6−5)][(4−1)(4−3)] 𝜋
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙2
[(6+4−2)(6+4−4)(6+4−6)(6+4−8)]
(5)(3)(1)(3)(1) 𝜋 𝟏𝟓 𝝅
= ∙ =
(8)(6)(4)(2) 2 𝟐𝟓𝟔

5. THE CHANGE OF VARIABLE THEOREM

If u = g(x), then

𝒃 𝒈(𝒃)
∫𝒂 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)][𝒈’(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒈(𝒂) 𝒇[𝒖] 𝒅𝒖

This equation states that, after making the substitutions u = g(x)

and du = g’(x) dx, the values of g(x) corresponding to x = a and x = b,
respectively, become the new limits of the integral involving the
new variable “u”. With this, it is then unnecessary to return to the
old variable “x” after integration.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

𝟗 (𝟏+ √𝒙)𝒅𝒙
1. ∫𝟒 𝟐𝒙

Solution:
Let u = √𝒙
u2 = x
2udu = dx
Change Limits:
For upper limit: u = √𝑥 = √9 = 3
For lower limit: u = √𝑥 = √4 = 2
Hence, new upper and lower limits are 3 and 2, respectively.

3 (1+ 𝑢) (2𝑢 𝑑𝑢)

= ∫2 2𝑢2
3 (1+ 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
= ∫2 𝑢
3 𝑑𝑢 3
= [∫2 + ∫2 𝑑𝑢 ]
𝑢
3
= [ln 𝑢 + 𝑢]
2

= [ln 3 + 3] − [ln 2 + 2]
= ln 3 + 3 − ln 2 − 2
= 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟐 + 𝟐
= 1.405

𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
2. ∫𝟎 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)

Solution:
Let u = x2 + 2 ; x2 = u – 2
du = 2x dx
du/2 = x dx

Change Limits:
For upper limit: u = x2 + 2 = (1)2 + 2 = 3
For lower limit: u = x2 + 2 = (0)2 + 2 = 2
Hence, new upper and lower limits are 3 and 2, respectively.

1 4𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 2)2
𝑑𝑢
3 4 (𝑢−2) ( 2 ) 3 (𝑢−2) 𝑑𝑢
= ∫2 = 2 ∫2
𝑢2 𝑢2
3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 3 2 𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑢
= 2 [∫2 − ∫2 ] = 2 [∫2 − 2 ∫2 ]
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢 𝑢2
2 3 2 2
= 2 [ln 𝑢 + 𝑢] = 2 [ln 3 + 3] − 2 [ln 2 + 2]
2
4 4−6
= 2 ln 3 + 3 − 2 ln 2 − 2 = ln 32 − ln 22 + 3
2 3 ln 9 −3 ln 4 − 2
= ln 9 – ln 4 − 3 = 3
1
= 3 (ln 93 − ln 43 − 2)
𝟏
= 𝟑 (𝐥𝐧 𝟕𝟐𝟗 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟐) = 0.144
 STUDENT ACTIVITY 10

Evaluate the following definite integrals:

8
1. ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥
1/2
2. ∫0 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
1
3. ∫0 (9 − 𝑥)√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 3
4. ∫0 (2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

9 1
5. ∫4 (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

3 (6𝑥 2 −4) 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫2 (𝑥 3 +2𝑥)1/2
4 (2𝑥+1)𝑑𝑥
7. ∫2 𝑥 2 −𝑥+32
1 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫0 √4−𝑥 2
𝜋/6
9. ∫𝜋/8 (1 + tan 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4
10. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
11. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
12. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
13. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4
14. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
15. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 6𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
EYES HERE! Here is how you check your answers using your
calculator. Although you can solve the integrals of some simple
functions, it is still a must to know the manual way of solving because
integrals of complicated functions cannot be solved using your
calculators.

In dealing with
trigonometric functions,
make sure to change
the mode of your sci-cal
to RAD.