ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO

Basic Formulas

 dx  x  cosec 2 xdx   cot x 1

dx  sec  1 x
x 2
x 1
n 1  sec x tan xdx  sec x
n x
 x dx  n  1 ( n   1) a x dx 
ax
 cosec x cot xdx   cosec x  log e a
,a  0

1  e x dx  e x
 x
dx  log | x |
 tan x d x  log sec x  c
1
dx  sin  1 x
 cos dx  sin x  1 x 2

 sin xdx   cos x

 cot x dx  lo g sin x  c

1
dx  tan  1 x
 sec 2 xdx  tan x  1 x 2

 x
 sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  c  log tan     c
4 2

 cos ec x dx  log cos ec x  cot x  c  tan x 2  c

Method of Substitution

f ´( x) n f ( x ) n 1
Type 1  f ( x)
dx  log f ( x)  c Type 2   f ( x ) f ´( x ) dx 
n 1
 c

Type 3  f  g ( x )  g ´( x ) dx . In this type, we substituteg (x) = t, then, Hence integral reduces to  f (t) dt
P ( x)
Type 4 P( x).(ax  b) n or where P(x) is a polynomial in x and n is a positive rational number.
(ax  b)n
Working Rule : Put z = ax + b

Type 5 sin f(x) or cos f(x) then put z = f(x)

Type 6 :  s in m x c o s n x d x Working Rule :

(i) If power of sin x is odd positive integer, put z = cos x
(ii) If power of cos x is odd positive integer, put z = sin x
(iii) If powers of both sin x and cos x are odd positive integers, put z = sin x or z = cos x.
(iv) If powers of neither cos x nor sin x is odd positive integer, see the sum of powers of sin x and cos
x.
(a) If the sum of powers is even negative integer, put z = tan x.
(b) If the sum of powers (m + n) is even positive integer and m, n are integers, express the
integrand as the algebraic sum of sines and cosines of multiple angles.

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO

m
Type 7 :  tan x sec n xdx or  cot
m
xco sec n xdx

m
. For  tan x sec n xdx : similar can be derived for the other pair

(i) If power of secx is even positive integer, put z = tanx.

(ii) If power of secx is not even positive integer, then see the power of tanx.
(a) If power of tanx is odd positive integer, put z = secx.
(b) If power of tanx is even positive integer, then put sec2x – 1 in place of tan2x and then
substitute z = tanx.
(iii) If power of tanx is zero and power of secx is odd positive integer greater than 1, then method of
integration by parts is used.

SOME STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS

1 x 1 x
6. x = a tan2  or x = a cot2 
a  x or
1. 2 2 or x = a sin  or a cos 
a  x 2
a  x 2
x

1 1
2. or x = a tan  or a cot   x  a
 a2  x2  a2  x2 7.   or
b  x 
x  a  b  x 

1 x = a cos2  + b sin2 
3. or 2 2 x = a sec  or a cosec 
x2  a 2 x  a

x  a
a  x a x 8.
x  b or x  a x  b
4.
a  x or a  x x = a cos 2
x = a sec2  – b tan2 
x a  x
x = a sin2  or x = a cos2 
5.
a  x or
1
x 9. x – a = t2 or x – b = t2
x  a x  b

SOME STANDARD FORMULAS DERIVED FROM SUBSTITUTION

dx 1 x  a dx 1 a  x
Set-I 1.  x2 2
 log  c 2.  a2 2
 log  c
 a 2a x  a  x 2a a  x

dx 1 x
3.  x2 2
 tan  1  c
 a a a

dx x dx
 sin  1 c   log x  x2  a 2  c
Set-II 1.  2 2 a 2. 2
x  a 2
a x

dx dx 1 x
  log x  x2  a 2  c  sec  1 c
3. 2 2 4.  a a
x  a x x2  a2

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO

x a2 x
Set-III 1.  a 2  x 2 dx  a2  x2  sin  1  c
2 2 2

x a2
2.  x 2  a 2 dx  x2  a2  lo g x  x2  a2  c
2 2

x x a2
3.  x 2  a 2 dx  x 2  a 2 dx  x2  a2  lo g x  x2  a2  c
2 2 2

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Integral of product of two functions

= (1st function) × (Integral of 2nd function) – Integral of {(differential of 1st function) × Integral of 2nd function}

d 
In symbols :  f ( x). g ( x) dx  f ( x).  g ( x) dx    f ( x).  g( x) dx  dx
 dx 

or  u.vdx  u  vdx –  u´( vdx)dx

where I stands for Inverse circular function

L stands for Logarthmic function
A stands for Algebraic function
T stands for Trigonometrical functions
and E stands for Exponential function
(ii) If both the functions are trigonometrical, take that function as v whose integral is simpler.
(iii) If both the functions are algerbraic take that functions as u whose d c is simpler.

Standard Forms derived using By Parts

x
 f ( x )  f ´  x   dx  e x f ( x )  c mx
mf (x)  f ´ x  dx  emx f (x)  c
(i) e (ii) e
(iii)  [ xf ´( x)  f ( x)]dx  x f ( x )  c
 b
sin  bx  c  tan1 
ax  a
sin  bx  c  dx = eax
(iv) e a2  b2
c

 b
cos  bx  c  tan1 
ax  a
cos  bx  c  dx = eax
(v) e a2  b2
c

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO
METHOD : INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION
We have divided this method into 2 types, depending upon the denominator.
1. If denominator has non repeated factors
2. If denominator has repeating factors

Type 1 : For non-Repeating roots

When denominator can be expressed as non repeating factors
i.e. D(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2)... (for linear factors)
2
= (ax + bx + c) (px + qx + r)... (for quadratic factors)

Type 2
When repeating factors are present i.e. when denominator is of the form
k1
D(x) = (x – ) (x – )k2 ... {for linear factor}
= (ax2 + bx + c)k1 (px2 + qx + c)k {for quadratic
(1) If function is linear.

N( x) A B1 B2 C1 C2 C3
i.e. 2 3 = ( x  a)  ( x  b)  2
 
2

( x  a) ( x  b) ( x  c) ( x  b) ( x  c) ( x  c) ( x  c)3

(2) If function has quadratic factors

N( x) Ax  B P1 x  Q1 P2 x  Q2
i.e of the form =  
(ax  bx  c) ( px2  qx  c)2
2
2
ax  bx  c  px 2
 qx  r   px 2
 qx  r 2 
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL & IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS

dx dx
Integral of the form
 ax ,
 and ax 2  bx  c dx
2
 bx  c 2
ax  bx  c 
For evaluating such integral we make the coefficients of x2 in ax2 + bx + c as one. Complete the square
by adding and subtracting the square of half of the coefficient of x to get the form
2
 b  c b2  
a  x     

2a   a 4 a2  
  

px  q px  q
Integrals of the form  ax 
dx, dx
2 and ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx
 bx  c ax 2  bx  c

For evaluating such integrals we choose suitable constants A and B such that

d 
px  q  A  ( ax 2  bx  c)   B
 dx 

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO

px 2  qx  r
Integrals of the Form :  ax 2  bx  c
dx

For evaluating such integrals we choose suitable constants, A, B and C such that

 d 
px2 + qx + r = A (ax2 + bx + c) + B  (ax2  bx  c   C
 dx 

x2  1
Integrals of the form : x 4
 kx 2  1
dx

For evaluating such integrals, divide the numerator and denominator by x2. Complete the square of
2 2
 1  1
denominator to get the form  x    a or  x    a
 x  x

Then the integral can be evaluated by using the method of substitution.

Special Integration

x2  q
Type I x 4
 px2  q
Divide numerator & denominator by x2

dx 1 x 2
  
q  x2  q 
q 
Type II write this in form
x 4
 px2  q 2 4
x  px  q 2

x2  r
Type III x 4
 px2  q
dx express x2 + r as
2
x2 + r = l x  q + m   x 2
 q 
where l + m = 1 & q l  m  r

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

dx dx dx
Type I  a  b cos x or  a  b sin x or  a  b cos x  c sin x
x x
2 tan 1  tan 2
Working Rule : Put sin x  2 and cos x  2
x 2 x
1  tan 2 1  tan
2 2

x
whichever is needed and then put z = tan
2

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO

sin x cos x p sin x  q co s x

Type II  a sin x  b co s x
dx,
 a sin x  b co s x
d x , or
 c s in x  b co s x
dx

Step – 1 : Put Numerator = A (dinominator) + B (derivative of denominator.) where a  0, b  0

Step – 2 : Then equate the coefficients of sinx and cosx to find A and B.

a sin x  b cos x  c
Type 3.
 p sin x  q cos x  r
(i) Write Numerator =  (Diff. of denominator) + µ (Denominator) + v
i.e. a sin x + b cos x + c =  (p cosx – q sinx) + µ (psin x + q cosx + r) + v

Type 4.
1 1 1 1 1
 a sin 2
x  b cos x2
dx .
 a  b sin 2
x
dx ,
 a  b cos 2
x
dx,
  a sin x  b cos x 2
dx,
 a  b sin 2
x  cos2 x
dx

(i) Divide numerator and denominator both by cos2x

(ii) Replace sec2 x, if any, in denominator by 1 + tan2 x
(iii) Put tan x = t so that sec2 x dx = dt

1
This substitution reduces the integral in the form
 at 2
 bt  c
dt

dx
Integrals of the form : P Q

where P and Q are linear or quadratic expression in x

1. Q is linear and P is linear or quadratic., For evaluating such integrals, put Q = t2

1
2. Q is quadratic and P is linear., For evaluating such integrals, put P =
t

1
3. Both P and Q are pure quadratic., For evaluating such integrals, put x  .
t

Integration of Irrational Functions

Types of functions (intergrand) Approach

  ax  b  a / n  ax  b
1. f  x,     a, b, c, d, , n  R  Substitute :  tn
  cx  d   cx  d

2. 
f x,  ax  b
a/n
,  ax  b
/m
 ax + b = tp, where p is L.C.M. of m and n.

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO

 n
3. 
f  x 

a 2  x2   Workrule : x  a2  x2  t

1
4. p m + p  N, m + p > 1 Workrule : a + bx = tx
x m  a  bx 

1 L1 ( x)
5. m n (i) If n > m; t
L1  x  L 2  x  L 2 ( x)

L 2 ( x)
(ii) If n < m; t
L1 ( x)

6. xm(a + bxn)pdx
(i) If p  I, substitute x = ts
where s is L.C.M. of denominator of m & n.
m 1
(ii) If is an Integer, substitute a + bxn = ts
n
is the denominator of fraction p.
m 1
(iii) If  p substitute ax–n + b = ts
n
s is denominator of rational number p.

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION