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Formulae For Integral Calculus

By OP Gupta [Indira Award Winner, +91-9650 350 480]
 Standard Formulae Of Integrals:

n x n 1 2
A.  x dx   k , n  1 K.  sec xdx  tan x  k
n 1
1 2
B.  x dx  log x  k L.  cosec xdx   cot x  k
1
C.
x
 a dx  log a a
x
k M.  sec x. tan xdx  sec x  c

D. e
ax
dx 
1 ax
e k
N.  cosec x.cot xdx  cosec x  k
a
1
1 O. x dx  sec 1 x  k
E.  sin  ax  dx   a cos  ax   k x 12

1 1 1 x
F.  cos  ax  dx  a sin  ax   k P. a 2
x 2
dx  tan 1    k
a a
G.  tan xdx  log sec x  k 1 1 ax
Q. a 2 2
dx  log k
OR   log cos x  k x 2a ax

H.  cot xdx  log sin x  k 1

dx 
1
log
xa
k
R. x 2
a 2
2a xa
OR   log cosec x  k
1
I.  sec xdx  log sec x  tan x  k S.  dx  log x  x 2  a 2  k
2 2
x a
x 
OR  log tan     k 1
 4 2 T.  dx  log x  x 2  a 2  k
2 2
x a
J.  cosec xdx  log cosec x  cot x  k
1 x
x U.  dx  sin 1    k
OR  log tan  k a2  x 2 a
2

x 2 a2
V.  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  k
2 2
x 2 a2
W.  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  k
2 2
x 2 a2 x
X. 
2
a  x dx  2
a  x  sin 1    k
2

2 2 a

1 1
Y.  ax  b dx  a log ax  b  k , where ‘a’ is any constant (and obviously, k is the integral constant)

Z.   dx   x  k , where  is a constant (and, k is the integral constant).

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 List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)

 Methods of Integration:
Though there is no general method for finding the integral of a function, yet here we have considered the
following methods based on observations for evaluating the integral of a function:
a) Integration by Substitution Method– b) Integration by Partial Fractions–
f x
In this method we change the integral  f  x  dx , Consider defines a rational polynomial
g  x
where independent variable is x, to another integral
in which independent variable is t (say) different function.
from x such that x and t are related by x  g  t  .  If the degree of numerator i.e. f  x  is
greater than or equal to the degree of
du
Let u   f  x  dx then,  f x. denominator i.e. g  x  then, this type of rational
dx
function is called an improper rational
dx function. And if degree of f  x  is smaller than
Again as x  g  t  so, we have  g t  .
dt
the degree of denominator i.e. g  x  then, this
du du dx type of rational function is called a proper
Now  .  f  x  . g  t 
dt dx dt rational function.
On integrating both sides w.r.t. t, we get  In rational polynomial functions if the degree
(i.e. highest power of the variable) of numerator
 du  (Nr) is greater than or equal to the degree of
  dt  dt   f  x  g   t  dt denominator (Dr), then (without any doubt)
always perform the division i.e., divide the Nr
 u   f  g  t  g   t  dt by Dr before doing anything and thereafter use
the following:
i.e.,  f  x  dx   f  g  t  g   t  dt where x  g  t  . Numerator Remainder
 Quotient  .
So, it is clear that substituting x  g  t  in Denominator Denominator
On doing this, the rational function is resolved
 f  x  dx will give us the same result as obtained into partial fractions. The table shown below lists
by putting g  t  in place of x and g  t  dt in place the types of simpler partial fractions that are to be

associated with various kinds of rational functions
of dx . which will be dealt in our current study:

 TABLE DEMONSTRATING PARTIAL FRACTIONS OF VARIOUS FORMS 

Form of the Rational Function Form of the Partial Fraction

px  q A B
, ab 
 x  a  x  b  xa xb

px  q A B
2

 x  a x  a  x  a 2

px 2  qx  r A B C
 
 x  a  x  b  x  c  xa xb xc

px 2  qx  r A B C
 
2
 x  a   x  b x  a  x  a 2 x  b

px 2  qx  r A
 2
Bx  C
 x  a   x 2  bx  c  x  a x  bx  c

where x 2  bx  c can’t be factorized further.

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 MATHEMATICS – List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (+91-9650350480)

c) Integral By Parts–
If  and V be two functions of x then,
 d 
   . V  dx     Vdx     dx  Vdx dx
I II

In finding integrals by this method, proper choice of functions  and V is crucial. Though there is no
fixed rule for taking  and V (their choice is possible by practice) yet, following rule is found to be quite
helpful in deciding the functions  and V :
 If  and V are of different types, take that function as  which comes first in the word ILATE .
Here I stands for Inverse trigonometrical function, L stands for Logarithmic function, A stands for Algebraic
function, T stands for Trigonometrical function and E stands for the Exponential function.
 If both the functions are trigonometrical, take that function as V whose integral is easier.
 If both the functions are algebraic, take that function as whose differentiation is easier.
 Some integrands are such that they are not product of two functions. Their integrals may be found by
integrals by parts taking 1 as the second function. Logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions are
examples of such functions.

 e  f ( x)  f ( x ) dx  e
x x
 The result of integral f ( x )  k can be directly applied in case of the
objective type questions.

 Making the Perfect Square:

STEP1– Consider the expression ax 2  bx  c .
STEP2– Make the coefficient of x 2 as unity  i.e., 1  by taking a common, after doing so the original
 b c
expression will look like, a  x 2  x   .
 a a
2
 b 
STEP3– Add and subtract   to the expression obtained in STEP2 as depicted here i.e.,
 2a 
2 2
 2 b c  b   b  
a x  x         .
 a a  2a   2 a  
2 2
2
 b   c  b   
STEP4– The perfect square of ax  bx  c will be a  x         .
 2a   a  2 a   

 Various Integral forms:

px  q px  q
 Integrals of the form  ax 2
dx ,  dx ,   px  q  ax 2  bx  c dx : Express the
 bx  c ax  bx  c 2

d
numerator px  q as shown here, i.e., px  q  A  ax 2  bx  c   B . Then on, obtain the values of A and
dx
B by equating the coefficients of like powers of x and constants terms on both the sides. Then, integrate it
d
after replacing px  q by A  ax 2  bx  c   B using the values of A and B.
dx
a sin x  b cos x d
 Integrals of the form  dx : Express Numerator  A  Denominator   B  Denominator  .
c sin x  d cos x dx
Then obtain the values of A and B by equating the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both the sides and
proceed.
a sin x  b cos x  c
 Integrals of the form  dx : Note that the previous integral form can be considered as a
p sin x  q cos x  r
d
special case of this form. Express Numerator  A  Denominator   B  Denominator   C . Then obtain the
dx

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 List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)
values of unknowns i.e., A, B and C by equating the coefficients of sin x , cos x and the constant terms on
both the sides and hence proceed.
dx dx dx dx
 Integrals of the form  2 2
,  2
,  2
,  2
and
a sin x  b cos x a  b sin x a  b cos x  a sin x  b cos x 
dx
 a  b sin 2
: Divide the Nr and Dr both by cos 2 x . Replace sec 2 x , if any, in Dr by 1  tan 2 x
x  c cos2 x
and then put tan x  t and proceed.
dx dx dx dx
 Integrals of the form  ,  ,  and  :
a sin x  b cos x a  b sin x a  b cos x a sin x  b cos x
x x
2 tan 1  tan 2
Use sin x  2 and/ or cos x  2 . Replace 1  tan 2 x in the Nr by sec 2 x and then put
x x 2 2
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2
x
tan  t and then after proceed.
2
1
 Integrals of the form  dx where M and N are linear or quadratic expressions in x :
M N

M N Substitutions

Linear Linear t2  N

Quadratic Linear t2  N

Linear Quadratic 1
t
M
Quadratic Quadratic N 1
t2  or t 
M x

 A Few Useful Quickies:

n 1
n  f  x   
f x
a)   f  x   f   x  dx   k , n  1 b)  f  x  dx  log f  x   k
n 1
 n 1 n 1
f  x  f  x  1   ax  b  
dx  
n
c)  n
k d)   ax  b  dx   k .
 f  x   n  1 a  n  1 

 Formulae & Properties Of Definite Integrals:

b
b
P.01 a f  x  dx  F  x  a  F  b  F  a 
b a
P.02 a f  x  dx    f  x  dx
b
b b
P.03 a f  x  dx  a f  t  dt
b m b
P.04 a f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx , a  m  b
a m

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 MATHEMATICS – List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (+91-9650350480)
b b
P.05 a f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx
a

a
 a
 2 f  x  dx, if f  x  is even function i.e., f   x   f  x 
P.06  f  x  dx   0
a  0 , if f  x  is odd function i.e., f   x    f  x 

2a a 2a
P.07  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  a f  x  dx
0 0
a a
  f  x  dx   f  2a  x  dx
0 0
 m /2
m
2
f  x  dx    f  x  dx, if f  m  x   f  x 
P.08  0
0  0, if f  m  x    f  x 


 Proof Of A Few Important Properties:

b m b
P.04  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx , a  m  b .
a a m
b
b
PROOF We know,  f  x  dx  F  x a  F  b   F  a  …(i)
a
m
m
Consider  f  x  dx   F  x a  F m  F a  …(ii)
a
b
b
And  f  x  dx   F  x m  F b   F  m 
m
…(iii)

Adding the equations (ii) and (iii), we get

m b

a f  x  dx  m f  x  dx  F  b  F  a 
b
  f  x  dx . [ By (i)
a
b m b
Hence, a f  x  dx  a f  x  dx  m f  x  dx, amb. [H.P.]

b b
P.05 a f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx .
a
b
PROOF Consider a f  x  dx .
Let x  a  b  t  dx  dt .
Also when x  a  t  b and, when x  b  t  a .
b a
So, a f  x  dx   f  a  b  t  dt 
b

 b 
     f  a  b  t  dt  [By using P.02
 a 
b
  f  a  b  t  dt
a

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 List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)
b a
  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx [Replacing t by x, P.03
a b
b b
Hence, a f  x  dx  a f  a  b  x  dx . [H.P.]

SPECIAL CASE OF P.05 Take a  0 and b  a .

a a
Then, 0 f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx .
0

 The proof for the special case is same as is for the P.05, so it has been left as an exercise for you!
 a
 2 f  x  dx , if f  x  is even function i.e., f   x   f  x 
a
P.06  f  x  dx   0 .
a  0, if f  x  is odd function i.e., f   x    f  x 

a 0 a

PROOF We know that  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx …(i) [By using P.04

a a 0
0

Consider
a
 f  x  dx .
Let x  t  dx  dt .
Also when x  a  t  a and when x  0  t  0 .
0 0

So,  f  x  dx   f  t  dt 
a a

 a 
     f  t  dt  [By using P.02
 0 
a
  f  t  dt
0
0 a
  f  x  dx   f   x  dt [Replacing t by x, P.03
a 0
Therefore equation (i) becomes,
a a a

 f  x  dx   f   x  dx   f  x  dx
a 0 0
a a
  f  x  dx    f   x   f  x   dx
a 0

 a
 2 f  x  dx , if f   x   f  x 
a
  f  x  dx   0
a  0, if f   x    f  x 

 a
 2 f  x  dx, if f  x  is even function
a
i.e.,.  f  x  dx   0 [H.P.]
a  0, if f  x  is odd function

2a a 2a
P.07  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  a f  x  dx
0 0
a a
  f  x  dx   f  2a  x  dx .
0 0

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 MATHEMATICS – List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (+91-9650350480)
2a a 2a
PROOF We know  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  a f  x  dx …(i) [By using P.04
0 0
2a
Consider a f  x  dx .
Let x  2a  t  dx   dt .
Also when x  a  t  a and when x  2a  t  0 .
2a 0
So, a f  x  dx   f  2a  t  dt 
a

 a 
     f  2a  t  dt  [By using P.02
 0 
a
  f  2a  t  dt
0
2a a
 a f  x  dx   f  2a  x  dx [Replacing t by x, P.03
0
So equation (i) becomes,
2a a a

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  2 a  x  dx . [H.P]
0 0 0

2a
 a
 2 f  x  dx, if f  2a  x   f  x 
P.08  f  x  dx   0 .
0  0, if f  2a  x    f  x 

2a a 2a
PROOF We know  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  a f  x  dx
0 0
…(i)

2a
Consider a f  x  dx .
Let x  2a  t  dx   dt .
Also when x  a  t  a and when x  2a  t  0 .
2a 0
So, a f  x  dx  a f  2a  t  dt 
 a 
     f  2a  t  dt  [By using P.02
 0 
a
  f  2a  t  dt
0
2a a
 a f  x  dx  0 f  2a  x  dx [Replacing t by x, P.03

So equation (i) becomes,

2a a a

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx  0 f  2a  x  dx
0 0
a
   f  x   f  2a  x   dx
0

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 List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)

2a
 a
 2 f  x  dx, if f  2a  x   f  x 
Hence,  f  x  dx   0 . [H.P.]
0  0, if f  2a  x    f  x 


 Definite integral as the Limit Of A Sum (First Principle Of Integrals):

Take that function whose integral value is to be calculated as f  x  and then use the given relation,
b

 f  x  dx  lim h  f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a  (n  1)h 

a
h 0

or,  f  x  dx  lim h  f  a  h   f  a  2h   f  a  3h   ...  f  a  nh  

a
h 0

b n1
i.e.,  f  x  dx  lim h  f  a  rh  , such that as n  , h  0 and nh  b  a
n
a r 0
b n
or,  f  x  dx  lim h  f  a  rh  , such that as n  , h  0 and nh  b  a .
n
a r 1

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Hii, All!
I hope this texture may have proved beneficial for you.
While going through this material, if you noticed any error(s) or, something which doesn’t make
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With lots of Love & Blessings!
- OP Gupta
Electronics & Communications Engineering, Indira Award Winner
www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com

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