General Physics 2

General Physics 2
Prepared by

Ella Mae Kate Goopio

Nairah M. Macarimbang
Geneel Jan Manzanares

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 MODULE 3
Capacitors and
Dielectrics
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

-device that stores electric potential energy and

Capacitors electric charge.

• Two charged plates area (conductor) separated by a

distance (d).
• There is a dielectric (insulator) in between of the two
charged plates.
Fundamental properties of a capacitor
.
• Area of the plates (A) - Increasing the area, increases the capacitance because more
electric field lines can terminate on each plate, allowing the capacitor to store more
charge. Primarily determines the capacitance of parallel plate.
• Distance between the plates (d) - Decreasing the distance, increases the capacitance
because the electric field strength between the plates increases, allowing more charge to
be stored for the same applied voltage.
• Voltage across the plates (D) - affects the amount of charge a capacitor can store but
does not determine the capacitance itself.
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitance - ability or “capacity” of a capacitor to store

charge and energy.

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Parallel-plate capacitor
C= Capacitance [F]
o= Permittivity of free space [F/m]
2
A= Area [𝑚 ]
d= Distance [𝑚]
• Independent on the charge Q and the potential difference Vab, but
depends on the geometry of the capacitor.
• The capacitance is directly proportional to the area A of the plates,
but inversely proportional to d.
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

CAPACITORS IN
SERIES AND PARALLEL
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors in Series
Charges travel only in one path from point a and b.
Series connection:
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors in Parallel
• Charges travel in two or more path from point a and b.
Parallel connection:
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

ENERGY STORED IN
CAPACITORS
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Energy Stored in Capacitors

 Capacitors and Dielectrics

DIELECTRICS
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors with Dielectrics

 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors with Dielectrics

A dielectric increases capacitance strengths.

 General Physics 2

Module 4: Electric Current, Resistance and

Ohm’s Law
• Current, resistivity, and resistance
• Ohm’s law
• Energy and power in electric circuits
• Electrical safety

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 General Physics 2
Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Electric Current Physical Quantity Symbol Unit

Current [A]
It is represented by capital (𝐼) and I (Ampere)
mathematically expressed as;
Charge
Q [c]
(Coulomb)

Time t [s]
1 C (second)
1𝐴 =
[𝑠] 𝑄𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = −1.602 𝑥10 −19
c
Current is directly proportional to charges,
and it is inversely proportional to time in seconds.
General Physics 2
Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Current Flow
Conventional Current Flow Electron Flow

+ 𝒕𝒐 − − 𝒕𝒐 +

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 General Physics 2
Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Resistance -a measure of how difficult current to pass through

wire.
It is mathematically
expressed as; Physical Quantity O Symbol Unit

Resistance
R [Ω]
(Ohm)

Resistivity [Ω·m]
(ohm meter)

Length L [m]
(meter)
2
A= π · D² / 4 [m ]
Area A (meter squared) 17
General Physics 2 Ohms Law

Ohm’s Law

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 General Physics 2 Ohms Law

- It explains relationship between voltage, current, and

Ohm’s Law resistance.
This law was developed by the German physicist named Georg Simon Ohm.

V=I.R Physical Quantity

Voltage
Symbol Unit

V [v]

v Current

R
I [A]
[Ω]
I R
Resistance
 General Physics 2 Ohms Law

Ohmic vs. Non-Ohmic

Ohmic materials Non-Ohmic materials
• Follow Ohm's Law (V=I⋅R). • Do not strictly follow Ohm's Law
(V=I⋅R).
• linear relationship between
• non-linear relationship between voltage
voltage and current. and current.
Most metals, copper, aluminum. Semiconductors, diodes, thermistors.
General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
➢ It is denoted by (E) and it is also denoted by the symbol . ε
➢ It is measured in [Joules / Couloms ] or [ Volt] using VOLTMETER.
➢ It is the maximum voltage available from a source measured when no
current is flowing.
➢ It is the energy transfer to an electric circuit per unit of electric charge. It
represents the work done by a source in driving a unit charge around a complete
circuit.
Every practical source of electromotive force (emf), such as batteries, generators, and solar
cells, has some amount of internal resistance. This resistance is a result of the materials and
the physical construction of the source itself.
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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
FORMULA FOR ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Physical Quantity Symbol Unit

𝜺 = 𝑽𝒂𝒃 + 𝑰𝒓 Emf
𝜺 [J/C] or [V]
[V] = 𝑽 + 𝑨 [𝛺] Voltage
𝑽𝒂𝒃 [V]
Current I [A]
Internal
Resistance
r [𝛺]
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General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

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General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

Energy and Power in

electric circuits

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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
Electric Energy (E=Pt)
• The amount of the work done to force the current to flow through an electric circuit.
• It is measured in Joule [J].
• It associated with other form of energy.

Electric Power (P= IV)

• The rate at which electric energy is used, transferred,
dissipated or consumed instantaneously.
• It is measured in Joule/sec or Watt

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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
ENERGY AND POWER IN A CIRCUITS

POWER ENERGY
Three expressions for electric power: Three expressions for electric Energy:

Where; Where;
P = Power in watts [W] P = Power in watts [W]
I = Current in Amperes [A] t = Time in seconds [s]
V = Voltage in Volts [v] I = Current in Amperes [A]
R = Resistance [𝛺] V = Voltage in Volts [v]
R = Resistance [𝛺]
 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
ENERGY AND POWER IN A CIRCUITS

Power [W]

Energy [J]

Power input

Power output
General Physics 2
Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Electrical safety

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General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

EFFECT OF CURRENT IN OUR BODY

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