An Introduction to

Electrical Engineering
Aaron
Glieberman
August 5,
2010
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. e!artment of Labor, 2010
Earnings distribution b" engineering
s!ecialt", #a" 200$
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. e!artment of Labor, 2010
A%erage Starting Salaries& 'ul" 200(
sur%e" b" t)e *ational Association of
+olleges and Em!lo"ers
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. e!artment of Labor, 2010
,%er%ie-
.Brief )istor", disci!lines,
curriculum
./e%ie- of electrical !rinci!les
Guest S!ea0er& r. 'err" aniels,
1)..
Lab %isit& aniels Lab
2)at is electrical
engineering3
4)e stud" of ELE+4/I+I45 along
-it) its numerous a!!lications
A brief )istor"
In 1600, 2illiam Gilbert
called
t)e !ro!ert" of
attracting
!articles after being
rubbed
electricus.
De Magnete -as a
treatise of
electricit" and
magnetism,
noting a long list of
elements
t)at could be
electri7ed.
A %ersorium
Gilbert in%ented t)e
%ersorium, a de%ice t)at
detected staticall".
c)arged bodies
2illiam Gilbert, arguabl" t)e 7rst electrical engineer
A brief )istor"
1$00 8 %oltaic !ile de%elo!ed b"
Alessandro 9olta, a !recursor to t)e
battery
1$:1 8 #ic)ael ;arada"
disco%ers electromagnetic
induction
1$<: 8 Electricity and
Magnetism !ublis)ed b" 'ames
#a=-ell, describing a theory
for electromagnetism
9oltaic !ile
+ircuits containing inductors
#a=-ell>s e?uations
A brief )istor"
1$$$ 8 @einric) @ertA
transmits and recei%es radio
signals
1(B1 8 Conrad Duse introduces
t)e 7rst e%er programmable
computer
1(B< 8 in%ention of
transistor
S!ar0.ga! transmitter
D: com!uter
4ransistor
A brief )istor"
1(5$ 8 integrated circuit
de%elo!ed b" 'ac0 Cilb"
1(6$ 8 7rst microprocessor
is de%elo!ed
Integrated circuits
#icro!rocessor
So -)ere is t)e 7eld no-3
;ields of
stud"
1o-er&
+reation, storage, and distribution of
electricit"
+ontrol&
esign of d"namic s"stems and
controllers for t)e s"stems
ElectronicsE#icroelectronics&
esign of integrated circuits,
micro!rocessors, etc.
Signal 1rocessing& Anal"sis of signals
4elecommunications&
esign of transmission s"stems
F%oice, dataG
+om!uter&
esign and de%elo!ment of com!uter
s"stems
Instrumentation&
esign of sensors and data ac?uisition
e?ui!ment
;ields of
stud"
+urriculum at Bro-n
Engineering core
S!ecialt" classes
.Bioelectrical engineering
.+ommunications s"stems
.+om!uter engineering
.#ultimedia signal !rocessing
.#icroelectrode s"stems
.Solid state electronics and ,!toeletronics
.Basic engineering Fstatics, d"namics,
electromagnetism, t)ermod"namics, Huid mec)anicsG
.Basic c)emistr"
.Basic mat) Fmulti%ariable calculus, statistics,
diIerential e?uationsG
Ad%anced electrical
classes
.Signal anal"sis .igital electronics
Basic conce!ts
J Electricit"
J +)arge
J +urrent
J 9oltage
J 1o-er and
Energ"
Electricit"
Physical phenomenon arising from
the existence and interactions of
electric charge
+)arge
2)ere can -e obser%eEe=!erienceEuse
c)arge3
+)arge
Characteristic property of
subatomic particles responsible for
electric phenomena
1.602K10L1( + L1.602K10L1( +
.
M
Electron 1roton
4)e unit of ?uantit" of electric c)arge is
coloumb (C)
1 coloumb N 6.25 K 101$ e
e = elementary charge = charge of
proton
+)arge
O+)argedP !articles e=)ibit
forces
,!!osite c)arges attract one anot)er
Li0e c)arges re!el eac) ot)er
. .
M
.
+)arge is t)e source of one of t)e fundamental forces in
nature Fot)ers3G
+oulomb>s La-
?1 ?2
r FmetersG
F*e-tonsG
;
1,2
is t)e electrostatic force e=erted on
c)arge 1 due to t)e !resence of c)arge 2
k
e
is t)e +oulomb constant k
e
N $.($< = 10
(
*Qm
2
Q+
.2
Electric current
Describes charge in motion, the o!
of charge
4)is !)enomenon can result from mo%ing
electrons in a conducti%e material or mo%ing
ions in c)arged solutions
Electric current
An ampere (A) is t)e number of electrons
)a%ing a total c)arge of 1 + mo%ing t)roug) a
gi%en cross section in 1 s.
As de7ned, current Ho-s in direction of positive
charge Ho-
Electrical +ircuits
Electric circuit
"n electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements linked together in a closed
path so that electric current may o!
continuously
+ircuit diagrams are t)e standard for electrical
engineers
/ate of Ho- of c)arge form node a to node b
/ate of Ho- of c)arge form node b to node a
Fi N currentG
A direct current (dc) is a current of constant
magnitude
An alternating current (ac) is a
current of %ar"ing magnitude and
direction
9oltage
Dri#ing force of electrical current bet!een t!o points
$
ab
$
ba
9oltage at terminal a -it) res!ect to
terminal b
9oltage at terminal b -it) res!ect to
terminal a
$
ab
% &$
ba
*ote& In a circuit, %oltage is often de7ned relati%e
to ground
9oltage
4)e %oltage across an element is t)e -or0 Fenerg"G
re?uired to mo%e a unit of !ositi%e c)arge from t)e O.P
terminal to t)e OMP terminal
A volt is t)e !otential diIerence F%oltageG
bet-een t-o !oints -)en 1 joule of
energy is used to mo%e 1 coulomb of
charge from one !oint to t)e ot)er
1o-er
'he rate at !hich energy is con#erted or !ork
is performed
A watt results -)en 1 joule of energy is con%erted or
used in 1 second
+ircuit sc)ematic e=am!le
+ircuit elements
/esistors
Resistivity () is t)e abilit"
of a material to resist
current Ho-. 4)e units of
resisti%it" are !hm"meters
(#"m)
Resistance (R) is t)e
!)"sical !ro!ert" of an
element t)at im!edes t)e
Ho- of current . 4)e units of
resistance are !hms (#)
1.6$K10
L$
RSm
E=am!l
e&
/esisti%it" of co!!er
/esisti%it" of glass10
10
to 10
1B
RSm
/esistors
/esistors
,)m>s La-
Fremember, / is
in R and T is in R.
mG
+a!acitors
+a!acitors
" capacitor consists of a
pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric
(insulator).
(* indicates ho! penetrable a subtance
is to an electric +eld)
Electric c)arge is stored in
t)e !lates 8 a ca!acitor can
become Oc)argedP
2)en a %oltage e=ists across t)e
conductors, it !ro%ides t)e energ"
to mo%e t)e c)arge from t)e
!ositi%e !late to t)e ot)er !late.
+a!acitors
Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to
store charge in the form of separated charge or
an electric feld. ,t is the ratio of charge stored to
#oltage di-erence bet!een t!o plates.
+a!acitance is measured in $arads ($)
+a!acitors
4)e ca!acitor !late attac)ed to t)e
negative terminal acce!ts
electrons from t)e batter".
4)e ca!acitor !late attac)ed to t)e
positive terminal acce!ts protons
from t)e batter".
2)at )a!!ens -)en t)e lig)t bulb
is initiall" connected in t)e
circuit3
2)at )a!!ens if "ou re!lace t)e
batter" -it) a !iece of -ire3
Energ" storage
2or0 must be done b" an e%ternal in&uence Fe.g. a
batter"G to se!arate c)arge bet-een t)e !lates in a
ca!acitor. 4)e c)arge is stored in t)e ca!acitor until
t)e e=ternal inHuence is remo%ed and t)e se!arated
c)arge is gi%en a !at) to tra%el and dissi!ate.
2or0 e=erted to c)arge a ca!acitor is gi%en b" t)e
e?uation&
Inductors
An inductor is a t-o terminal
element
consisting of a -inding of * turns
ca!able
of storing energy in the form of a
magnetic
'eld
(nductance ()) is a measure of t)e
abilit" of
a de%ice to store energ" in t)e form
of a
magnetic 'eld. It is measured in
*enries (*)
Inductors
.
/
N !ermeabilit" of free s!ace N B0 K 10
L<
@Em
1 N *agao0a coeUcient
2 N number of turns
" N area of cross.section of t)e coil in
m
2
l N lengt) of coil in m
Inductance in a c"lindrical coil
Inductors
4)e magnetic 7eld from an inductor can generate
an induced %oltage, -)ic) can be used to dri%e
current
2)ile building t)e magnetic 7eld, t)e inductor resists
current &ow
Inductors
2)at )a!!ens to t)e lig)t bulb -)en t)e s-itc) is
closed3
2)at )a!!ens to t)e lig)t bulb -)en t)e s-itc) is t)en
o!ened3
Energ" storage
4)e -or0 re?uired to establis) current
t)roug) t)e coil, and t)erefore t)e
magnetic 7eld, is gi%en b"
Inductors can store energ" in t)e form of a
magnetic 7eld -)en a current is !assed
t)roug) t)em.
4ransformers and
alternators
Inductors are located in bot) transformers and
alternators, allo-ing voltage conversion and
current generation, res!ecti%el"
'ransformer con#erts
from one #oltage to
another
"lternator produces "C
current
Electrical sources
An electrical source is a voltage
or current generator capable of
supplying energy to a circuit
Examples:
-AA batteries
-12-Volt car battery
-Wall plug
Ideal %oltage source
An ideal voltage source is a circuit element where the voltage
across the source is independent of the current through it.
Recall hm!s "aw: V#$R
%he internal resistance of an i&eal 'oltage source is (ero.
$f the current through an i&eal 'oltage source is
completely &etermine& by the external circuit) it
is consi&ere& an independent voltage source
Ideal current source
An ideal current source is a circuit element where the current
through the source is independent of the voltage across it.
Recall hm!s "aw: $ # V*R
%he internal resistance of an i&eal current source is infinite.
$f the 'oltage across an ideal current source is
completely &etermine& by the external circuit) it
is consi&ere& an independent current source
e!endent Sources
A dependent or controlled source &epen&s upon a &ifferent
'oltage or current in the circuit
Electric +ircuit esign
1rinci!les
E=am!le& /esistors in series
%he resistors in a series circuit are +,- .) 1./ 0.) an& 2.2 0.. What is
the total resistance1
Series circuits
A series circuit has only one current path
2urrent through each component is the same
$n a series circuit) all elements must
function for the circuit to be complete
#ulti!le elements in a series
circuit
E=am!le& /esistors in series
%he resistors in a series circuit are +,- .) 1./ 0.) an& 2.2 0.. What is
the total resistance1
%he current through each resistor1
E=am!le& 9oltage sources in
series
What happens if you re'erse a battery1
3in& the total 'oltage of the sources shown
E=am!le& /esistors in
!arallel
%he resistors in a parallel circuit are +,- .) 1./ 0.) an& 2.2 0..
What is the total resistance1
1arallel circuits
A parallel circuit has more than
one current path branching from
the energy source
Voltage across each pathway is
the same
$n a parallel circuit) separate current
paths function in&epen&ently of one
another
#ulti!le elements in a !arallel
circuit
3or parallel 'oltage sources) the 'oltage
is the same across all batteries) but the
current supplie& by each element is
a fraction of the total current
E=am!le& /esistors in
!arallel
%he resistors in a parallel circuit are +,- .) 1./ 0.) an& 2.2 0..
What is the total resistance1
Voltage across each resistor1
2urrent through each resistor1