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Fundamentals of Electricity

This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts of electricity, including electric current, Ohm's law, charge interactions, electric fields, resistance, capacitance, and the combinations of resistors and capacitors. It explains key principles such as the flow of electric charge, the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, and the behavior of capacitors in circuits. Additionally, it covers the measurement units for these concepts and the effects of series and parallel configurations.

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goheljeel187
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38 views10 pages

Fundamentals of Electricity

This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts of electricity, including electric current, Ohm's law, charge interactions, electric fields, resistance, capacitance, and the combinations of resistors and capacitors. It explains key principles such as the flow of electric charge, the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, and the behavior of capacitors in circuits. Additionally, it covers the measurement units for these concepts and the effects of series and parallel configurations.

Uploaded by

goheljeel187
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Electricity

This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of electricity, including electric current, Ohm's law,
charge interactions, electric fields, resistance, capacitance, and the combinations of resistors and capacitors.

by Gohel Jeel
Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. The SI unit of electric current
is the ampere (A), defined as one coulomb of charge per second. Current is
typically measured with an ammeter, connected in series in the circuit.
Ohm's Law and Applications
Ohm's law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across its
ends, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor. This relationship is expressed as I = V/R, where I is
the current, V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.

Calculating Current Calculating Voltage Calculating Resistance

If we know the voltage across a Similarly, if we know the current If we know the voltage and current,
resistor and its resistance, we can and resistance, we can calculate we can calculate the resistance of a
use Ohm's law to calculate the the voltage using Ohm's law. conductor using Ohm's law.
current flowing through it.
Charge and Coulomb's
Force
Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to
experience a force when placed in an electric field. There are two types of
electric charge: positive and negative. Like charges repel each other, while
opposite charges attract each other.

Coulomb's law describes the force between two point charges. It states
that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This
force can be attractive or repulsive, depending on the signs of the charges.
Electric Field, Potential, Flux, and Current
An electric field is a region of space where an electric charge experiences a force. The electric field is created by
stationary or moving charges. The strength of the electric field at a point is measured by the force per unit charge at
that point.

Electric potential is the amount of work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a given point
in an electric field. Electric potential difference, or voltage, is the difference in potential between two points. The SI
unit of electric potential is the volt (V).

Electric flux is a measure of the amount of electric field passing through a surface. It is proportional to the number of
electric field lines that pass through the surface.

Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is a scalar quantity that is measured in amperes (A).
Resistance, Conductance, Resistivity, and
Conductivity
Resistance is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. The SI unit of resistance is the
ohm (Ω). Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, measured in siemens (S).

Resistivity is a material property that describes how strongly a material opposes the flow of current. The SI unit of
resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω·m). Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity, measured in siemens per meter (S/m).

Resistors are components that are specifically designed to have a certain resistance. They are used in circuits to
control the flow of current.
Series and Parallel
Combinations of Resistors
Resistors can be connected in series or parallel. In a series circuit, resistors
are connected end-to-end, so the current flows through each resistor in
turn. The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of the individual
resistances. The voltage drop across each resistor is proportional to its
resistance.

In a parallel circuit, resistors are connected side-by-side, so the current can


flow through each resistor independently. The total resistance of a parallel
circuit is less than the smallest individual resistance. The voltage drop
across each resistor is the same.
Capacitance
Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store an electric charge.
The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F). A capacitor is a device that stores
electric energy in an electric field. It typically consists of two conductive
plates separated by a dielectric material.

When a voltage is applied across a capacitor, an electric field is created


between the plates. This field stores electric energy. The amount of charge
that a capacitor can store is proportional to the capacitance and the
voltage across the capacitor.
Parallel Plate Capacitor
A parallel plate capacitor is a common type of capacitor that consists of
two parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is proportional to the area of the
plates and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. It is
also affected by the dielectric constant of the material between the plates.
Series and Parallel Combinations of
Capacitors
Capacitors can be connected in series or parallel. In a series circuit, capacitors are connected end-to-end, so the same
charge flows through each capacitor. The total capacitance of a series circuit is less than the smallest individual
capacitance. The voltage across each capacitor is proportional to its capacitance.

In a parallel circuit, capacitors are connected side-by-side, so the voltage across each capacitor is the same. The total
capacitance of a parallel circuit is the sum of the individual capacitances. The charge stored on each capacitor is
proportional to its capacitance.

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