General Physics 2

General Physics 2
Prepared by

Celzehmae B. Bagongon
Philline Jastin Valerie Joy Salac

1
 MODULE 3
Capacitors and
Dielectrics
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors -device that stores electric potential energy and

electric charge.

• Two charged plates area (conductor) separated by a

distance (d).
• There is a dielectric (insulator) in between of the two
charged plates.
Fundamental properties of a capacitor
.
• Area of the plates (A) - Increasing the area, increases the capacitance because more
electric field lines can terminate on each plate, allowing the capacitor to store more charge.
Primarily determines the capacitance of parallel plate.
• Distance between the plates (d) - Decreasing the distance, increases the capacitance because
the electric field strength between the plates increases, allowing more charge to be stored for the
same applied voltage.
• Voltage across the plates (D) - affects the amount of charge a capacitor can store but
does not determine the capacitance itself.
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitance - ability or “capacity” of a capacitor to store

charge and energy.

[ ]
[ ]

[ ]
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Parallel-plate capacitor
C= Capacitance [F]
o= Permittivity of free space [F/m]
2
A= Area [𝑚 ]
d= Distance [𝑚]
• Independent on the charge Q and the potential difference Vab, but
depends on the geometry of the capacitor.
• The capacitance is directly proportional to the area A of the plates,
but inversely proportional to d.
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

CAPACITORS IN SERIES
AND PARALLEL
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors in Series
Charges travel only in one path from point a and b.
Series connection:
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors in Parallel
• Charges travel in two or more path from point a and b.
Parallel connection:
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

ENERGY STORED IN
CAPACITORS
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Energy Stored in Capacitors

 Capacitors and Dielectrics

DIELECTRICS
 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors with Dielectrics

 Capacitors and Dielectrics

Capacitors with Dielectrics

A dielectric increases capacitance strengths.

 General Physics 2

Module 4: Electric Current, Resistance and

Ohm’s Law
• Current, resistivity, and resistance
• Ohm’s law
• Energy and power in electric circuits
• Electrical safety

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 General Physics 2 Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Electric Current Physical Quantity Symbol Unit

Current [A]
It is represented by capital (𝐼) and mathematically I (Ampere)
expressed as;
Charge
Q [c]
(Coulomb)

Time t [s]
1 C (second)
1 𝐴 =
[𝑠] 𝑄𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = −1.602 𝑥10−19 c
Current is directly proportional to charges,
and it is inversely proportional to time in seconds.
General Physics 2 Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Current Flow
Conventional Current Flow Electron Flow

+ 𝒕𝒐 − − 𝒕𝒐 +

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 General Physics 2 Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Resistance -a measure of how difficult current to pass through

It is mathematically wire.
expressed as;
Physical Quantity O Symbol Unit

Resistance
R [Ω ]
(Ohm)
Resistivity [Ω·m]
(ohm meter)

Length L [ m]
(meter)
2
A= π · D² / 4 [m ]
Area A (meter squared) 17
General Physics 2 Ohms Law

Ohm’s Law

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 General Physics 2 Ohms Law

- It explains relationship between voltage, current, and

Ohm’s resistance.

Law This law was developed by the German physicist named Georg Simon Ohm.
V=I.R Physical Quantity

Voltage
Symbol Unit

V [v]

v Current
I [A]

I R
Resistance R [Ω]
 General Physics 2 Ohms Law

Ohmic vs. Non-Ohmic

Ohmic materials Non-Ohmic materials
• Follow Ohm's Law (V=I⋅R). • Do not strictly follow Ohm's Law
• linear relationship between (V=I⋅R).
voltage and current. • non-linear relationship between voltage
and current.
Most metals, copper,
Semiconductors, diodes,
aluminum. thermistors.
General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
 It is denoted by (E) and it is also denoted by the symbol . ε
 It is measured in [Joules / Couloms ] or [ Volt] using VOLTMETER.
 It is the maximum voltage available from a source measured when no
current is flowing.
 It is the energy transfer to an electric circuit per unit of electric charge. It
represents the work done by a source in driving a unit charge around a complete
circuit.
Every practical source of electromotive force (emf), such as batteries, generators, and solar
cells, has some amount of internal resistance. This resistance is a result of the materials and
the physical construction of the source itself.
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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric

FORMULA FOR ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE circuits

Physical Quantity Symbol Unit

𝜺 = 𝑽𝒂𝒃 + 𝑰𝒓 Emf
𝜺 [J/C] or [V]
[V] = 𝑽 + 𝑨 [𝛺] Voltage
𝑽𝒂𝒃 [V]
Current I [A]
Internal
Resistance
r [𝛺]
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General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

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General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits

Energy and Power in

electric circuits

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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in electric
circuits
Electric Energy (E=Pt)
• The amount of the work done to force the current to flow through an electric circuit.
• It is measured in Joule [J].
• It associated with other form of energy.

Electric Power (P= IV)

• The rate at which electric energy is used, transferred,
dissipated or consumed instantaneously.
• It is measured in Joule/sec or Watt

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 General Physics 2 Energy and power in
electric
ENERGY AND POWER IN A CIRCUITS
circuits

POWER ENERGY
Three expressions for electric power: Three expressions for electric Energy:

Where; R = Resistance [𝛺]

P = Power in watts [W]
I = Current in Amperes
[A] V = Voltage in Volts [v]
Wher s [W]
e; t=
P Time
= in
second
P
s [s]
o
I=
w
Current in
e
Amperes
r
[A] V =
i Voltage in
n Volts [v]
w R=
a Resistance [𝛺]
t
t
 General Physics 2 Energy and power in
electric
ENERGY AND POWER IN A CIRCUITS

Power [W]

Energy [J]

Power input

circuits
General Physics 2 Electric Current, Resistivity
and Resistance

Electrical Safety

10
 NOTE: 100 mA or 0.1
General Physics 2 A - 300 mA or 0.3 A Energy and power in
can cause death
electric
circuits
EFFECT OF CURRENT IN OUR BODY
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