LAB 1: UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER HARDWARE

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - brain of the computer

• Random Access Memory (RAM) - computer's short-term memory, programs are temporarily
stored while the computer is running.

• Storage Devices - provide long-term storage

• Motherboard - main circuit board of computer, connects and allows communication between
hardware components.

• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) - also known as a graphics card, responsible for rendering images.

• Power Supply Unit (PSU) - converts electricity from your power outlet

• Input/Output Devices - include peripherals, allow users to interact with and receive information

• Cooling System - prevent overheating

• Expansion Cards - optional components that can be added to the motherboard to enhance the
computer's capabilities.

• Cables and Connectors - used to establish connections between different hardware components
and external devices.

• Case/Chassis - houses all the components and provides physical protection.

• Hard Drive (HDD) - store data on spinning metal platters coated with magnetic material
- slower in terms of data access
- larger storage capacities and lower cost per gigabyt

• Optical Drive - use lasers to read and write data from optical discs
- slower data transfer speeds

• Solid State Drive (SSD) - se NAND flash memory to store data, have no moving parts
- faster than HDDs and optical drives

• SATA Cable - used to transfer data between storage devices

• Power Cable - used to supply electrical power to various components within a computer system
LAB 2: Operating Systems, Software, File Management and Basic Commands
• Operating system (OS) - acts as an intermediary between the hardware of a computer system
and the software applications.
• Hardware Abstraction - abstracts the underlying hardware complexities

• Process Management - enables multitasking, allowing multiple processes

• Memory Management - manages the computer's memory hierarchy

• Virtual memory - allows programs to access more memory than physically available

• File System Management - provides a file system that organizes and manages data

• Device Management - manages input and output devices, provides a standardized interface for
interacting with these devices
• User Interface - includes a user interface (UI) that allows users to interact with the system

• Security and Access Control - enforces security to protect the system and user data

• Networking and Communication - manages network communication, protocols, IP addresses

• Error Handling and Fault Tolerance - monitors system components for errors and faults

• Resource Allocation and Optimization - strives to allocate resources

• File management - organizing, storing, and accessing digital files in a structured manner.

• cd: - navigate to a directory

• ls (Linux/macOS) or dir (Windows) - list files in the current directory

• mkdir: - create a new directory

• touch: - create a new file

• cp: - copy a file

• mv: - move a file

• rm: - remove a file

• rm -r directory - remove a directory and its contents

• Command-line operations - referred to as command-line interface (CLI) interactions

- fundamental and powerful way to interact with an OS using text
 LAB 3: NUMBER SYSTEMS AND DATA REPRESENTATION

• Number systems - mathematical frameworks that humans use to represent and manipulate
numbers.
- provide a structured way to express quantities

• Decimal Number System (Base-10) - most widely used number system

- consists of ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

• Binary Number System (Base-2) - used extensively in computer science and digital electronics.
- consists of only two digits: 0 and 1, making it a base-2 system

• Octal Number System (Base-8) - octal system is rarely used today

- consists of eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7

• Hexadecimal Number System (Base-16) - commonly used in computer programming

- consists of 0-9 and A-F, where A represents 10, B represents 11, and so on.

• Integers - commonly used for representing whole numbers

• Real Numbers - Floating-point representations in binary are used for real numbers with
fractions.

• Characters - use binary or hexadecimal to represent characters

• Hardware and Logic Gates - used to process binary signals

• Memory and Storage - Binary representations are used to store data in memory and storage
devices.

• Programming and Software - hexadecimal is often used for readability and efficiency in
representing data.

• Networking and Communication - data is transmitted in binary form

***ALL CONVERSION PROCESSES CAN BE PERFORMED USING YOUR SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR,

IKAW NA BAHALA JUSKO NAKAPOY NA KO ***
 LAB 3: NUMBER SYSTEMS AND DATA REPRESENTATION

• Word processing - creation, editing, formatting, and manipulation of textual documents using
computer software

• Microsoft Word - most widely used word processing software, developed by Microsoft
Corporation

• User Interface - providing easy access to various commands and formatting options

• Document Creation - can create a wide range of documents in Microsoft Word

• Formatting Tools - provides extensive formatting capabilities for text, paragraphs, and pages.

• Spelling and Grammar Check - includes a built-in spell checker and grammar checker, helping
users identify and correct errors

• Templates - offers a vast collection of templates for different document types

• Collaboration - allows real-time collaboration on documents

• Integration - integrates with other Microsoft Office applications, such as Excel and PowerPoint,
allowing users to embed charts, tables, and other content

• Autosave and Version Control - an autosave feature that helps prevent data loss

• Document Protection - offers security features such as password protection and encryption

• Mail Merge - can perform mail merges to create personalized letters

• Accessibility - making it easier for individuals with disabilities to create and access documents.

• Export and Sharing - can be saved in various formats, to ensure compatibility with different
platforms

• Macros and Automation - can create macros to automate repetitive tasks

• Add-ins and Extensions - can enhance Word's functionality by adding plugins and extensions

• Mobile Apps - available as a mobile app for iOS and Android devices
• DOCX (Microsoft Word Document) - default file format since MS 2007
- widely used for creating and editing text-based documents

• DOC (Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document) - default file format for MS (97-2003)
- it lacks some of the advanced features

• PDF (Portable Document Format) - universally recognized and preserve the formatting

• RTF (Rich Text Format) - supports basic formatting like fonts, styles, and colors

• TXT (Plain Text) - contain unformatted, plain text without any special formatting or styling

• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - used for creating web pages and documents

• ODT (Open Document Text) - open standard file format used by some open-source word
processing software

• XML (Extensible Markup Language) - format used for structured data

• DOCM (Microsoft Word Macro-Enabled Document) - used for documents containing macros
(scripted actions) written in VBA.

• DOTX (Word Document Template) - templates used to create new documents with a
predefined structure