CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Mr. Usman Nasir

[email protected]

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 Who I am?
• Engr. Usman Nasir (MS/M.Phil in Electrical Engineering (Computer
Networks)
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: +92-345-5205109
• Previous Employment
Comsats University Islamabad. (Research Assistant)
IQRA University Islamabad (Senior Lecturer C&T Dept.)
Foundation University Islamabad. (Senior Lecturer Software Engineering Dept.)
Affiliated Campus of NUML. (Senior Lecturer EE Dept.)
Affiliated Campus of University of Engineering and Technology (UET LAHORE)
( Senior Lecturer EE Dept.)

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Course Details

• Course Code: CSC 101

• Course Title: Introduction to Computing

• Credit Hours: 3 + 0

• Course Objectives:
• This course is an introduction to a broad class of
computer issues. It is designed for students who are
not CS majors and who have had little or no previous
experience with computers.

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Course Outline - I

• Introduction to computers and computing

• Classification of computers
• Elements of computers
• Basic Computer Architecture
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU operations)
• Main Memory (ROM, RAM, Cache)
• CPU Operations
• The Registers
• Input & Output Devices
• Storage Media
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Course Outline - II
• Data Representation
• Software Concepts; System Software
• Operating Systems
• Application Software; User Designed Application
Software.
• Computer Networks Basics
• Communication Systems
• Security Issues; Threats to computers &
communication systems; Computer Networks;
• Internet; E-Commerce; Artificial Intelligence

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 Recommended Books
• Textbook: P. Norton, Peter Norton's Introduction to
Computers, 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

• Reference: W. Stallings, Computer Organization and

Architecture , 8th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2010

• Excellent World Wide Web address: to look up computer

terminology online http://www.wikipedia.com,
http://www.whatis.com

• Excellent World Wide Web address: to search companies,

products, and events
• http://www.google.com, http://www.yahoo.com,
• http://www.msn.com

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 Marks Distribution of course
• Assignments ……….……… 15%

• Quizzes ..…………….. 10%

• Session Exams ……….….. 25%

• Final Exam .……………… 50%

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McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Book Contents At a glance I
• Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Systems
• Lesson 1A: Exploring Computers and Their Uses
• Lesson 1B: Looking Inside the Computer System
• Chapter 2: Interacting with Your Computer
• Lesson 2A: Using the Keyboard and Mouse
• Lesson 2B: Inputting Data in Other Ways
• Chapter 3: Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data
• Lesson 3A: Video and Sound
• Lesson 3B: Printing
• Chapter 4: Processing Data
• Lesson 4A: Transforming Data into Information
• Lesson 4B: Modern CPUs
• Chapter 5: Storing Data
• Lesson 5A: Types of Storage Devices
• Lesson 5B: Measuring and Improving Drive Performance

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 Book Contents At a glance II
• Chapter 6: Using Operating Systems
• Lesson 6A: Operating System Basics
• Lesson 6B: Survey of PC and Network Operating Systems
• Chapter 7: Networks
• Lesson 7A: Networking Basics
• Lesson 7B: Data Communications
• Chapter 8: Presenting the Internet
• Lesson 8A: The Internet and the World
• Lesson 8B: E-Mail and Other Internet Services
• Chapter 9: Working in the Online World
• Lesson 9A: Connecting to the Internet
• Lesson 9B: Doing Business in the Online World
• Chapter 10: Working with Application Software
• Lesson 10A: Productivity Software
• Lesson 10B: Graphics and Multimedia
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 Book Contents At a glance III
• Chapter 11: Database Management
• Lesson 11A: Database Management Systems
• Lesson 11B: Survey of Database Systems
• Chapter 12: Software Programming and Development
• Lesson 12A: Creating Computer Programs
• Lesson 12B: Programming Languages and the Programming Process
• Chapter 13: Protecting Your Privacy, Your Computer, and
Your Data
• Lesson 13A: Understanding the Need for Security Measures
• Lesson 13B: Taking Protective Measures
• Appendices
• Appendix A: Creating Your own Web Page
• Appendix B: Buying Your first Computers
• Appendix C: Computer Viruses
• Appendix D: History of Microcomputers
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 Accompanying Web Site

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072978902/

• Glossary
• Online Topics
• Appendix A (pdf files)
• Appendix B Answers to Self Check Exercises
• For each Chapter
• Multiple Choice Questions
• Power Point Presentations
• Internet Exercises

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A nice saying…

I keep 6 honest serving men.

They taught me all I knew.
Their names are:
WHAT and WHY and WHEN and HOW and
WHERE and WHO.
(R.
Kipling)

And believe me,

on the road of learning,
these are your best companions.
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Lets Start the Course…

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 Chapter 1A
Introducing Computer Systems
Computers in Our World

• Computers are everywhere

• We can find them in pretty unlikely places
• Family car
• Home appliances
• Alarm clock
• Market

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The Computer Defined

• Black Box
• Problem Solver
• An Electronic device that converts data into
information which is useful to people

Input Processing Output

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 Anatomy of a Computer
• Every computer has four basic parts, or units:
• an input unit such as the keyboard, that feeds information into the
computer
• a central processing unit (CPU) that performs the various tasks of the
computer
• an output unit , such as a monitor , that displays the results;
• a memory that stores information and instructions.

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 Computer vs Human
• Input - Five senses
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - brain
• Output - Body Parts
• Memory - Human memory

• Hardware
• Physical components
• Software
• Programs for operations and problem solving

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 Modern Computers
• Modern computers are digital
• Word “by the numbers”
• Break all types of information into tiny units
• Use numbers to represent information
• Two digits combine to make data (0, 1)

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 History of Computers
• Older computers were analog
• represent data as variable points along a continuous
spectrum of values.
• More flexible but not necessarily more precise and
reliable

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Slide Rule

• Older computers were analog

• A more manageable type -- the old-fashioned slide rule

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ABACUS

• 3000 BC: The first calculating device ABACUS was invented in

Egypt .
• The abacus is still in use in some countries especially China,
Japan
• Operations
• Addition, subtraction, division and multiplication
• Extract square root and cube root
• User has to memorize certain rules

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ABACUS

More information on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus
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Pascaline

• 1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced the first

mechanical calculating device.
• Series of wheels with teeth which could be turned using hands
• Used to handle 999,999.99
• Perform both addition and subtraction.

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Pascaline

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Difference Engine

• 1833: Charles Babbage

• Professor of Mathematics
• Cambridge University
• With Assistance of Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace
• developed a machine that could store information, calculate
numbers and solve algebraic expression.

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 Difference Engine
•

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Punched Card

• 1890: Herman Hollerith

• American Inventor
• developed devices that were able to read information which had
been punched into cards automatically
• developed a machine called the census machine
• US Census Bureau.
• Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols.

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Punched Cards
•

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Harvard Mark I

• 1944: Howard Aikens and Grace Hooper developed an

electromechanical machine at IBM
• Called Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)
• Called Mark I by Harvard University
• Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special
symbols

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 Harvard Mark I
• Built from Switches, Relays, rotating shafts and clutches
• 765,000 components
• Hundred of meters of wires
• Volume
• Length (51ft) X Height (8 ft) x Depth (2 ft)
• Weight 4500 kgs
• Used decimal number systems

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 Harvard Mark I
•

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 ENIAC
• 1946 First general purpose electronic computer
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
(ENIAC)
• Technology used
• Vacuum tubes 17,468
• Crystal Diodes 7,200
• Relays 1,500
• Transistors 70,000
• Capacitors 10,000
• Hand soldered joints 1 million

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 ENIAC
• Weight 27 tons
• Volume 100 ft (L) X 8 ft
( H) X 3 ft (D)
• Covers 1800 sq. feet
• Power consumption
150 kW
• Uses punch cards
• Averages 5,000
operations

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Manchester Mark I
• 1948
• First stored program
computer,
• Based on Von Neumann
architecture
• Manchester Mark 1 , built in
UK. Using valves ,
• it can perform about 500
operations per second and
has the first RAM .
• It fills a room the size of a
small office.

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Ferranti Nimrod
Computer

• 1951 : Early computer

game , Nim
• Played by Ferranti Nimrod
computer at the Festival of
Britain.

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 History of Microcomputers
• 1965 DEC PDP 8 produced in US
• First commercially successful microcomputer,
• Programmed Data Processor (PDP)
• It sits on a desktop

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H 316 Kitchen
Computer

• 1965 Honeywell corporation

• First home computer
• Costs $10,600

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 Intel 4004 Microprocessor
• 1971 Intel 4004, the world’s first commercially
available microprocessor.
• four-bit computer containing 2,300 transistors
• can perform 60,000 instructions per second.
• Designed for use in a calculator
• Sells for $200

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Floppy Disks

• 1972 : 5.25-inch floppy

diskettes are introduced
• providing a portable way
• to store and move data
from machine to machine.

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 Intel 8008 Microprocessors
• Intel announces the 8008 chip.
• 2-MHz, eight-bit
microprocessor
• can access 64 KB of memory
• used a two-byte addressing
structure
• over 6000 transistors on one
chip
• can perform640,000
instructions per second.
• Motorola introduces the 6800
microprocessor.
• 8 bit processor
• used primarily in industrial
and automotive devices.

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Altair 880

• 1975, first commercially

available microcomputer
• 64 KB of memory
• open 100-line bus
structure.
• sells for $397 in kit form
or $439 assembled.

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 Apple I
• 1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve
Jobs build the Apple I computer.
• less powerful than the Altair,
but also less expensive and
less complicated.
• Users must connect their
own keyboard and video
display, and
• have the option of mounting
the computer’s motherboard
in any container they choose
— whether a metal case, a
wooden box, or a briefcase.

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 Commodore PET
• 1977 Mass produced personal computer,
• Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor )
appears.

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 Osborne I
• 1981 First portable computer, Osborne 1, produced.
• At the size and weight of a sewing machine,
• much less convenient than current portable computers.
• weighs about 22 pounds
• Two 5.25-inch floppy drives,
• 64 KB of RAM, and
• a five-inch monitor but no hard drive.
• based on the z80 processor, runs the CP/M operating system, and
• sells for $1,795.
• The Osborne 1 comes with WordStar (a word processing application)
and Super-Calc (a spreadsheet application).
• It is a huge success.

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Osborne I

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 IBM PC
• 1981, IBM introduces the IBM-PC
• 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 CPU,
• 16 KB of memory,
• a keyboard,
• a monitor,
• one or two 5.25-inch floppy drives, and
• A price tag of $2,495

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 Apple
• 1984 Apple Macintosh computer becomes first
successful personal computer with a mouse and
easy to use Graphic User Interface (GUI).

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 Windows, Laser Jet
• Intel releases the 80386 processor (also called the 386),
• a 32-bit processor that can address more than four billion bytes of
memory and performs 10 times faster than the 80286.
• Aldus releases Page-Maker for the Macintosh,
• the first desktop publishing software for microcomputers.
• Microsoft announces the Windows 1.0 operating
environment in
• featuring the first graphical user interface for PCs mirroring the
interface found the previous year on the Macintosh.
• Hewlett-Packard introduces the LaserJet laser printer,
featuring 300 dpi resolution.

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 Generation of Computers
Generation Dates Characteristic

1st 1944-59 Use Valves (Vacuum

tubes)
2nd 1959-64 Use transistors

3rd 1964-75 Large Scale Integrated

Circuits
4th 1975- Very Large Scale
Integrated Circuits
5th Under “Artificial Intelligence”
development based computers

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 What is the relevance of
computer science to
geophysics?

• Due to the large computational size of

many geophysical problems, high-
performance computing can be required
to handle analysis.
• Modeling applications of computational
geophysics include atmospheric
modelling, oceanic modelling, general
circulation models, and geological
modelling.

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 Summary
• Course Outline

• What is a computer?

• Comparison of Computer with Human

• History of Computers

• Developments in Microcomputers

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