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List :
List is a collection of different values or different types of items.

Properties of list:

1.Mutable

2.Ordered

3.Heterogenous

4.Duplicates

Type Markdown and LaTeX: 𝛼2

Create List
The list can be created using either the list constructor or using square brackets [ ].

In [1]:

# Using square brackets[]

my_list1 = [1, 2, 3]
print(my_list1)
[1, 2, 3]

In [2]:

#What is the data type?

type(my_list1)
Out[2]:

list

In [3]:

# Using list constructor

my_list2 = list((1, 2, 3))
print(my_list2)
[1, 2, 3]

In [4]:

type(my_list2)
Out[4]:

list

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In [5]:

#List allows duplicate values

my_list3 = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
print(my_list3)

[1, 2, 3, 2, 1]

In [6]:

#In order to find the number of items present in a list OR size of list.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(len(my_list))

In [7]:

#List items can be of any data type:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] #String type

list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3] #integer type
list3 = [True, False, False] #boolean type

In [8]:

print(list1)
print(list2)
print(list3)
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
[1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
[True, False, False]

In [9]:

#(heterogenous) list can contain different data types:

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

print(list1)
['abc', 34, True, 40, 'male']

In [10]:

type(list1)
Out[10]:

list

Accessing items of a List

The items in a list can be accessed through indexing and slicing.

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In [11]:

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

print(list1)

['abc', 34, True, 40, 'male']

In [12]:

#positive or forward indexing

print(list1[0])

abc

In [13]:

print(list1[1])

34

In [14]:

print(list1[2])
True

In [15]:

print(list1[5])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-4183b00bcc53> in <module>
----> 1 print(list1[5])

IndexError: list index out of range

In [20]:

#Negative and backward indexing

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
print(list1[-1])
male

In [21]:

print(list1[-2])

40

In [22]:

print(list1[-4])

34

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In [23]:

#To check position of an element in list

list1.index("male")

Out[23]:

In [24]:

list1.index(True)
Out[24]:

In [25]:

print(list1[a])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-25-2fc46ca457fa> in <module>
----> 1 print(list1[a])

NameError: name 'a' is not defined

In [26]:

#slicing
#list1[_:_:_] = list1[start:end:step]
list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
print(list1[0:])

['abc', 34, True, 40, 'male']

In [27]:

print(list1[:3])

['abc', 34, True]

In [28]:

print(list1[:])

['abc', 34, True, 40, 'male']

In [29]:

print(list1[2:5])

[True, 40, 'male']

In [30]:

print(list1[::2])

['abc', True, 'male']

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In [31]:

print(list1[::-1])

['male', 40, True, 34, 'abc']

In [32]:

print(list1[::-2])

['male', True, 'abc']

In [33]:

print(list1[1:-1])#skip 1st and last element

[34, True, 40]

In [34]:

print(list1[-4:5])

[34, True, 40, 'male']

In [35]:

print(list1[-4:-1])
[34, True, 40]

In [36]:

print(list1[-4:-1:2])

[34, 40]

In [37]:

print(list1[-1:-4])

[]

In [38]:

print(list1[1:-2])

[34, True]

In [39]:

print(list1[0:-4])

['abc']

In [40]:

print(list1[-1:-4:-2])

['male', True]

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In [41]:

#print list 2 times

list1*2
Out[41]:

['abc', 34, True, 40, 'male', 'abc', 34, True, 40, 'male']

In [42]:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", ["watermelon", "kiwi"],"cherry"]

print(list1[2][0])

watermelon

In [43]:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", ["watermelon", "kiwi"],"cherry"]

print(list1[2][0][4])

In [44]:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", ["watermelon", ["mango","orange"],"coconut","kiwi"],"cherry"]

list1[2][1][0]

Out[44]:

'mango'

In [45]:

list1[2][1][1][0:3]
Out[45]:

'ora'

In [ ]:

Change elements/values in the list(Mutable)

In [46]:

a = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
print(a)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

In [47]:

a[0] = "kiwi"
print(a)

['kiwi', 'banana', 'cherry']

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In [48]:

b = ["apple","banana","cherry","mango"]
b[1:3]=["watermelon","kiwi"]

In [49]:

print(b)

['apple', 'watermelon', 'kiwi', 'mango']

In [50]:

b = ["apple","banana","cherry","mango"]
b[1:2] = ["papaya","orange"]

In [51]:

print(b)

['apple', 'papaya', 'orange', 'cherry', 'mango']

In [52]:

b = ["apple","banana","cherry","mango"]
b[1:4] = ["watermelon"]

In [53]:

print(b)

['apple', 'watermelon']

In [54]:

new = ['apple', 'banana', ['watermelon',["grape","mango"],'kiwi'], 'cherry']

print(new[2][1][0][-2])

In [57]:

print(new[2][0][4])

In [58]:

print(new[3][-2])
r

List Methods

Update & Delete from list

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Add List Items

1. To insert a new list item, without replacing any of the existing values, we can use the insert() method.

In [59]:

a = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
a.insert(2, "watermelon")
print(a)
['apple', 'banana', 'watermelon', 'cherry']

In [60]:

b = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
b.insert(2, ["watermelon","kiwi"])
print(b)

['apple', 'banana', ['watermelon', 'kiwi'], 'cherry']

2. append() : Accept only one parameter and add it at the end of the list.

In [61]:

a = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
a.append("watermelon")
print(a)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'watermelon']

In [62]:

b = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
b.append(["watermelon","kiwi"])
print(b)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', ['watermelon', 'kiwi']]

3. extend() : Accept the list of elements and add them at the end of the list. we can even add another list by
using this method

In [63]:

a = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
a.extend(["watermelon"])
print(a)
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'watermelon']

In [64]:

b = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
b.extend(["watermelon","kiwi"])
print(b)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'watermelon', 'kiwi']

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In [65]:

a = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
b = [1, 2, 3]
a.extend(b)
print(a)
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 1, 2, 3]

Remove List Items

4. The remove() method removes the specified item.

In [66]:

a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

a.remove("banana")
print(a)

['apple', 'cherry']

In [67]:

b = ["True", False, True]

b.remove(False)
print(b)
['True', True]

In [68]:

a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

a.remove("apple")
print(a)

['banana', 'cherry']

5. The pop() method removes the specified index.

In [69]:

a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

a.pop(1)
print(a)

['apple', 'cherry']

In [70]:

#If you do not specify the index, the pop() method removes the last item.
a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.pop()
print(a)
['apple', 'banana']

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6. The del keyword also removes the specified index.

In [71]:

a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

del a[1]
print(a)
['apple', 'cherry']

In [72]:

#The del keyword can also delete the list completely.

list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del list1

In [73]:

print(list1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-73-7fd613c3c7e4> in <module>
----> 1 print(list1)

NameError: name 'list1' is not defined

7. The clear() method empties the list. The list still remains, but it has no content.

In [74]:

list2 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

list2.clear()
print(list2)

[]

Concatenate of two lists

The concatenation of two lists means merging of two lists.

1. using '+' operator

2. using extend()

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In [75]:

my_list1 = [1, 2, 3]
my_list2 = [4, 5, 6]

# Using + operator
my_list3 = my_list1 + my_list2
print(my_list3)

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

In [76]:

a = ["apple","banana","cherry"]
b = [1, 2, 3]
a.extend(b)
print(a)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 1, 2, 3]

Copying a List

1. using '=' operator # deep copying(The changes that we make in the original list will be reflected in the new
list.)
2. Using the copy() method
3. using the list() method

In [77]:

my_list1 = [1, 2, 3]
# Using = operator
new_list = my_list1
# printing the new list
print(new_list)

[1, 2, 3]

In [78]:

# making changes in the original list

my_list1.append(4)
print(my_list1)
print(new_list)

[1, 2, 3, 4]
[1, 2, 3, 4]

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In [79]:

#using copy method

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
newlist = thislist.copy()
print(newlist)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

In [80]:

thislist.append("mango")
print(thislist)
print(newlist)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'mango']

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

In [81]:

a = list((1,2,3))
print(a)

[1, 2, 3]

In [82]:

#copying list
#using list() method
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
newlist = list(thislist)
print(newlist)

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

In [83]:

thislist.append("kiwi")
print(thislist)
print(newlist)
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'kiwi']
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

Sort and Reverse List

1. sort() : The sort function sorts the elements in the list in ascending order.
2. reverse() : The reverse function is used to reverse the elements in the list.

In [84]:

mylist = [3,5,7,2,4,8]
mylist.sort()

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In [85]:

print(mylist)

[2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8]

In [86]:

list1 = ['g','w','o','a','m']
list1.sort()

In [87]:

print(list1)
['a', 'g', 'm', 'o', 'w']

In [88]:

mylist = [2,4,6,8,10]
mylist.reverse()

In [89]:

print(mylist)

[10, 8, 6, 4, 2]

Functions used with list

1. max() : The max function returns the maximum value in the list.

In [90]:

mylist = [3, 4, 5, 6, 1]
print(max(mylist))

2. min() : The min function returns the minimum value in the list.

In [91]:

mylist = [3, 4, 5, 6, 1]
print(min(mylist))

3. sum() : The sum function returns the sum of all the elements in the list.

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In [92]:

mylist = [3, 4, 5, 6]
print(sum(mylist))

18

4 . all() :

In [93]:

#with all true values

samplelist1 = [1,1,True]
print(all(samplelist1))

True

In [94]:

#with one false

samplelist2 = [0,1,True,1]
print(all(samplelist2))

False

In [95]:

#with all false

samplelist3 = [0,0,False]
print(all(samplelist3))

False

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In [96]:

#with empty list

samplelist4 = []
print(all(samplelist4))

True

5. any() :

In [ ]:

In [97]:

#with all true values

samplelist1 = [1,1,True]
print(any(samplelist1))

True

In [98]:

#with one false

samplelist2 = [0,1,True,1]
print(any(samplelist2))

True

In [99]:

#with all false

samplelist3 = [0,0,False]
print(any(samplelist3))

False

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In [100]:

#with empty list

samplelist4 = []
print(any(samplelist4))

False

List Comprehension

List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on the values of an
existing list.

newlist = [expression for item in iterable if condition]

Type Markdown and LaTeX: 𝛼2

In [101]:

#eg. 1
squares = []
for i in range(10):
squares.append(i**2)
squares

Out[101]:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

In [102]:

squares = [i**2 for i in range(10)]

squares

Out[102]:

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

In [103]:

a = []
for i in range(1,6):
a.append(i*2)
a
Out[103]:

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

In [104]:

a = [i*2 for i in range(1,6)]

a
Out[104]:

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

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In [105]:

#Based on a list of fruits, you want a new list, containing only the fruits with the letter
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = []

for x in fruits:
if "a" in x:
newlist.append(x)

print(newlist)

['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

In [106]:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]

newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]

print(newlist)

['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

In [107]:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]

newlist = []
for x in fruits:
newlist.append(x.upper())
print(newlist)

['APPLE', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY', 'KIWI', 'MANGO']

In [108]:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]

newlist = [x.upper() for x in fruits]
print(newlist)

['APPLE', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY', 'KIWI', 'MANGO']

Implementation of Stack and Queue using List

Stack : A stack is a linear data structure that stores items in a Last-In/First-Out (LIFO). In stack, a new element
is added at one end and an element is removed from that end only.

In [109]:

#working of append() and pop() function:

# stack using list
stack = ["Amar", "Akbar", "Anthony"]
stack.append("Ram")
stack.append("Iqbal")
print(stack)

['Amar', 'Akbar', 'Anthony', 'Ram', 'Iqbal']

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In [110]:

# Removes the last item

print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())

Iqbal
Ram

In [111]:

print(stack)

['Amar', 'Akbar', 'Anthony']

In [112]:

fruits = []

# Let's push/add some fruits into our list

fruits.append('banana')
fruits.append('grapes')
fruits.append('mango')
fruits.append('orange')
print(fruits)

# Now let's pop our fruits, we should get 'banana'

first_item = fruits.pop()
print(first_item)
print(fruits)

# If we pop again we'll get 'grapes'

first_item = fruits.pop()
print(first_item)

# 'mango' and 'orange' remain

print(fruits)

['banana', 'grapes', 'mango', 'orange']

orange
['banana', 'grapes', 'mango']
mango
['banana', 'grapes']

Queue : Queue works on the principle of “First-in, first-out”.

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In [113]:

# Queue using list

queue = ["Amar", "Akbar", "Anthony"]
queue.append("Ram")
queue.append("Iqbal")
print(queue)

# Removes the first item

print(queue.pop(0))

print(queue)

# Removes the first item

print(queue.pop(0))

print(queue)

['Amar', 'Akbar', 'Anthony', 'Ram', 'Iqbal']

Amar
['Akbar', 'Anthony', 'Ram', 'Iqbal']
Akbar
['Anthony', 'Ram', 'Iqbal']

In [114]:

fruits = []

# Let's enqueue/add some fruits into our list

fruits.append('banana')
fruits.append('grapes')
fruits.append('mango')
fruits.append('orange')
print(fruits)
# Now let's dequeue/pop our fruits, we should get 'banana'
first_item = fruits.pop(0)
print(first_item)
print(fruits)

# If we dequeue again we'll get 'grapes'

first_item = fruits.pop(0)
print(first_item)

# 'mango' and 'orange' remain

print(fruits)
['banana', 'grapes', 'mango', 'orange']
banana
['grapes', 'mango', 'orange']
grapes
['mango', 'orange']

Use of zip()

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In [115]:

#Python zip two lists

name = [ "Manjeet", "Nikhil", "Shambhavi", "Astha" ]
roll_no = [ 4, 1, 3, 2 ]

# using zip() to map values

mapped = zip(name, roll_no)
mapped = list(mapped)
print(mapped)

[('Manjeet', 4), ('Nikhil', 1), ('Shambhavi', 3), ('Astha', 2)]

In [116]:

# Using list constructor

my_list2 = list((1, 2, 3))
print(my_list2)

[1, 2, 3]

In [117]:

# initializing lists
name = ["Manjeet", "Nikhil", "Shambhavi", "Astha"]
roll_no = [4, 1, 3, 2]
marks = [40, 50, 60, 70]

# using zip() to map values

mapped = zip(name, roll_no, marks)

# converting values to print as list

mapped = list(mapped)
print(mapped)

[('Manjeet', 4, 40), ('Nikhil', 1, 50), ('Shambhavi', 3, 60), ('Astha', 2, 7

0)]

In [118]:

# unzipping values
namez, roll_noz, marksz = zip(*mapped)
print(namez)
print(roll_noz)
print(marksz)

('Manjeet', 'Nikhil', 'Shambhavi', 'Astha')

(4, 1, 3, 2)
(40, 50, 60, 70)

Matrix operations using List

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In [119]:

# Program to add two matrices using nested loop

X = [[12,7,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]

Y = [[5,8,1],
[6,7,3],
[4,5,9]]

result = [[0,0,0],
[0,0,0],
[0,0,0]]

# iterate through rows

for i in range(len(X)):
# iterate through columns
for j in range(len(X)):
result[i][j] = X[i][j] + Y[i][j]

for r in result:
print(r)

[17, 15, 4]
[10, 12, 9]
[11, 13, 18]

In [120]:

# Program to add two matrices using list comprehension

X = [[12,7,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]

Y = [[5,8,1],
[6,7,3],
[4,5,9]]

result = [[X[i][j] + Y[i][j] for j in range(len(X[0]))] for i in range(len(X))]

for r in result:
print(r)

[17, 15, 4]
[10, 12, 9]
[11, 13, 18]

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In [121]:

# Program to multiply two matrices using nested loops

# 3x3 matrix
X = [[12,7,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]
# 3x4 matrix
Y = [[5,8,1,2],
[6,7,3,0],
[4,5,9,1]]
# result is 3x4
result = [[0,0,0,0],
[0,0,0,0],
[0,0,0,0]]

# iterate through rows of X

for i in range(len(X)):
# iterate through columns of Y
for j in range(len(Y[0])):
# iterate through rows of Y
for k in range(len(Y)):
result[i][j] += X[i][k] * Y[k][j]

for r in result:
print(r)

[114, 160, 60, 27]

[74, 97, 73, 14]
[119, 157, 112, 23]

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