Mathematics

Quarter 2 – Week 1
Illustrating Polynomial Functions

What I Need to Know

1
 In this module, you need to recall what you have learned about
polynomials like the degree, coefficients, constant terms, factoring, etc.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1: Definition of Polynomial Function

 Lesson 2: Writing Polynomial Functions in Standard Form and in Factored
Form

After you go through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrates polynomial functions

2. write polynomial function in standard form and in factored fo

Lesson Definition of Polynomial

1 Functions
What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. illustrates polynomial function;
2. identify polynomial function; and
3. determine the degree, the leading term and coefficient and the constant term.

What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.

2
1. What function is y=x 3 +2 x+ 1?
A. Linear Function B. Polynomial Function
C. Quadratic Function
B. Rational Function

2. What is the value of n in f ( x )=x n if f is a polynomial function?

A. √3 B. 3 C. −3
D.
1
3

3. Which of the following is NOT a polynomial function?

A. P(x )=ax +b
p (x)
B. P(x )=
q (x )
C. P ( x )=a x 2+ bx+ c
D. P ( x )=a x 4 +b x 3 +c x 4 +dx +e

4.. What is the leading coefficient of the function f(x) = 3x3+6x2+ x/2 +2x4
A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6
5. what type of polynomial function is P(x) = (x=2)(x-2)?
A. Cubic Polynomial Function
B. Quadratic Polynomial Function
C. Quartic polynomial Function
D. Zero Polynomial Function

3
 What’s In
You have learned in the last module that to solve problems involving
polynomials, you must follow steps to have an easy solution.
Start this module by recalling your knowledge on the concept of polynomial
expressions.
 The word polynomial is derived from Greek words “poly” which means many
and “nominal” which means terms, so polynomial means many terms.
 Polynomials are composed of constants (numbers), variables (letters) and
exponents such as 2 in x2. The combination of numbers, variables and
exponents is called terms.
 Example: 2 x3 + x 2 +1
 There are three (3) terms in this expression: 2 x3 , x 2∧1, where 1 is the constant,
x is the variable and 3 and 2 are the exponents.
This knowledge will help you understand the formal definition of polynomial
function.

What’s New

Let’s explore!

Directions: Complete the table below. State your reason if it is not a polynomial.
Expression Polynomial or Not Reason/s
1. 10 x
2
2. x 3 + 3 x +1
3. π
4. −2 x−3+ x3
5. 1−4 x 2

Did you complete the table correctly? Do you remember when an expression
is a polynomial? A polynomial is an expression of one or more algebraic terms
each of which consists of a constant multiplied by one or more variable raised to a
nonnegative integral power.

4
 What Is It

A polynomial function is a function of the form

n n−1 n−2
P ( x )=a n x +an−1 x + an−2 x +…++ a1 x +a 0, an≠ 0 ,

where n is a nonnegative integer , a 0 , a 1 , … , an are real numbers called coefficients

(numbers that appear in each term) , a n x n is the leading term, a n is the leading
coefficient, and a 0 is the constant term (number without a variable). The highest
power of the variable of P ( x ) is known as its degree.
There are various types of polynomial functions based on the degree of the
polynomial. The most common types are:
 Zero Polynomial Function (degree 0): P ( x )=a x 0=a
 Linear Polynomial Function (degree 1): P ( x )=a x 1+ b=ax+ b
 Quadratic Polynomial Function (degree 2): P ( x )=a x 2+ bx+ c
 Cubic Polynomial Function (degree 3): P ( x )=a x 3 +b x 2+ cx+ d
 Quartic Polynomial Function (degree 4): P ( x )=a x 4 +b x 3 +c x2 + dx+ e
where a , b , c , d∧e are constants.

Other than P ( x ), a polynomial function can be written in different ways,

like the following:
n n−1 n−2
f ( x )=an x + an−1 x +a n−2 x + …+a 1 x +a0 ,
n n−1 n−2
y=an x + an−1 x +a n−2 x + …+a 1 x+ a0 ,

Example:
Degree of Type of Leadin Leading Constant
the Function g Term Coefficient Term
Polynomial
1. y=8 x 4 −4 x3 +2 x +22 4 Quartic 8x
4
8 22
2. y=3 x 2 +6 x 3+ 2 x 3 Cubic 6x
3
6 0

5
 What’s More

Let’s do this…

A. Directions: Complete the table below. If the given is a polynomial function, give
the degree, leading coefficient and its constant term. If it is not, then just give
the reason.
Polynomial
Leading Constant
Function Reason Degree
Coefficient Term
or Not
1. f ( x )=0
3
2. f ( x )=x 4 + 2 x +2

3
3. f ( x )=
√3 x
4. y=1+2 x + x 3
3
5. P ( x )= −1
x

What I Have Learned

A. Directions: Fill in the blank with the choices provided in the box.

A __________(1)__________ is a function which involves only

________(2)____________ integer powers or only positive integer exponents. The
_________(3)_______ of any polynomial is the highest power present in it. In the
____(4)_____ polynomial function y=4+ 2 x + x 3, __(5)_____ is the leading term, 4 is
the ___(6)_____, 1 is the ___(7)______, and ___(8)____ is the degree.

polynomial function cubic nonnegative

constant term leading coefficient degree
3
3 1 x

6
 What I Can Do

Directions: Give two polynomial functions of different degree of polynomial.

Identify the degree of polynomial, the type of polynomial, the leading coefficient and
its constant term.
Degree of Type of Leading Constant
Polynomial Functions
Polynomial Polynomial Coefficient Term
1.
2.

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.

1. Which of the following is the term with number without variable?
A. constant term
B. degree
C. leading term
D. polynomial

2. What is the value of n in f ( x )=x n if f is a polynomial function?

A. √3 B. 3 C. −3
D.
1
3
3. Which of the following is NOT a polynomial function?
A. P(x )=ax +b
p (x)
B. P(x )=
q (x )
C. P ( x )=a x 2+ bx+ c
D. P ( x )=a x 4 +b x 3 +c x 4 +dx +e
4. What type of polynomial function is ( x )=5 x 3+ x2 +15 ?
A. Cubic Polynomial Function
B. Quadratic Polynomial Function
7
 C. Quartic Polynomial Function
D. Zero Polynomial Function

5. What type of polynomial function is f ( x )=(x +2)(2 x−8) ?

A. Cubic Polynomial Function
B. Quadratic Polynomial Function
C. Quartic Polynomial Function
D. Zero Polynomial Function

Additional Activities

Directions: Give two examples for each type of polynomials. Identify

the degree of polynomial, the leading term and the constant term.

Writing Polynomial Functions

Lesson
in Standard Form and In
2
Factored Form

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. write polynomial functions in standard form; and
2. write polynomial functions in factored form

8
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.

1. What is the product of (x +2)(x+5)?

A. x 2+ 3 x +10
B. x 2−3 x+ 10
C. x 2+ 7 x+10
D. x 2+ 3 x −3
2. What term has the highest exponent in f ( x )=−2 x 4 + x 6 +3 x +1?
A. −2 x 4 B. x 6 C. 3 x D. 1
3. What is the standard form of the polynomial function in number 2?
A. f ( x )=x 6 −2 x 4 + 3 x +1
B. f ( x )=1+ x 6 −2 x 4 ++ 3 x
C. f ( x )=x 6 −2 x 4 +1+3 x
D. f ( x )=−2 x 4 +3 x + x 6 +1
4. What is the standard form of y=20 x +14 x 2 +2 x3 ?
A. y=2 x 3 +20 x+14 x2
B. y=14 x2 +20 x +2 x3
C. y=2 x 3 +14 x 2+ 20 x
D. y=14 x2 +2 x 3+ 20 x
5. What is the factored form of the polynomial function in number 4?
A. y=2 x (x +5)(x−2)
B. y=2 x (x +5)(x+ 2)
C. y=5 x (x +2)(x+ 2)

y=2 x (x +5)¿

9
 What’s In

A polynomial function is a function of the form

n n−1 n−2
P ( x )=a n x +an−1 x + an−2 x +…++ a1 x +a 0, a n ≠ 0.

The terms of a polynomial may be written in any order. However, if

they are written in decreasing powers of x, then the polynomial function is in
standard form.
Before you proceed, try to recall the following.
Types of Special Products
1. Square of Binomial
This special product results into Perfect Square Trinomial (PST).
¿ ¿
Example: ¿
2. Product of Sum and Difference of Two Terms
This results to Difference of Two Squares.
( a+ b ) ( a−b )=a2−b 2
Example: (x +2)(x−2)=x 2−4
3. Square of Trinomial
This would result to six (6) terms.
¿
Example: ¿
4. Product of Binomials
The result is a General Trinomial. F.O.I.L (First, Outer, Inner, Last) method is
usually used.
( a+ b ) ( c +d )=ac+ ( bc + ad )+ bd
Example: ( x +2 ) ( x +3 )=x 2+ ( 2 x +3 x )+ 6
2
¿ x + 5 x +6
5. Product of Binomial and Trinomial
The result is a Sum or Difference of Two Cubes.
2
(a+ b)(a −ab+b )=a +b
2 3 3
( a−b ) ( a2+ ab+b 2 )=a 3−b 3
Example: (x +2)(x2 −2 x + 4)=x 3 +8

10
 Methods of Factoring
Method When is it Example
Possible
2
1. Factoring If each term in 2 x +8 x
out the the polynomial The common factor of both
Greatest has a common terms is 2x.
Common factor.
Factor 2
2 x +8 x=2 x ( x +4 )
(GCF)
2
2. The Sum- If the polynomial x + 5 x +6
Product is of the form The factors of 6 that if added
2
Pattern (A-C x + bx+ c and will get 5 are 2 and 3.
Method) there are factors
2
of c that if added x + 5 x +6=( x +2 ) ( x +3 )
will get b .
2
3. Grouping If the polynomial 2 x + 9 x−5
Method is of the form The factors of ac= ( 2 )(−5 )=−10
2
ax +bx +c and that if added will get 9 are 10
there are factors and −1.
of ac that if
added will get b .  Split up middle term
2 2
2 x + 9 x−5=2 x +10 x−1 x−5
Steps:  Group the terms (make sure to
 Split up middle group the terms with common
term. factors)
 Group the terms. ¿(2 x ¿¿ 2−1 x)+(10 x−5)¿
 Factor out GCFs  Factor out GCFs of each group
of each group.
 Factor out the ¿ x (2 x−1 ) +5 ( 2 x−1 )
common  Factor out the common binomial
binomial. ¿ ( 2 x−1 ) (x +5)
4. Perfect If the first and 2
4 x +12 x+ 9
Square last terms are The first and last terms are
Trinomials perfect squares perfect squares:

11
 and the middle √ 4 x 2=2 x √9=3
term is twice the The middle term is twice the
product of their product of their roots:
roots. 2 ( 2 x ) ( 3 )=12 x

2
4 x +12 x+ 9=¿
2
5. Difference of If the expression x −4
Squares represents a Square roots of the terms:
difference of two √ x 2=x √ 4=2
squares
2
x −4=( x +2)( x −2)

What’s New
Directions: Complete the table below.

C
Term on
with st
Term/s with lower
highes an
Polynomial Function exponents in
t t
descending order
expon te
ent r
m
1. y=−4 x 2 + x 4−45
2. y=6 x 2 + 4 x+ 3 x 3

What Is It

Writing Polynomial Function in Standard Form

12
 When giving a final answer, you must write the polynomial function in
standard form. Standard form means that you write the terms by decreasing
exponents.
Here’s what to do:
1. Write the term with the highest exponent first.
2. Write the terms with lower exponents in descending order.
3. Remember that a variable with no exponent has an understood exponent of 1.
4. A constant term always comes last.

Examples: Write the following polynomial functions in standard form.

1. y=1+2 x + x 5−4 x3 +2 x 4 +5 x 2
Te
rm
wit
Term/s
h Co
with lower
hig nst
exponents
he ant Standard form
in
st ter
descendin
ex m
g order
po
ne
nt
x
5
2x ,
4
1 5 4 3 2
y=x +2 x −4 x +5 x +2 x+ 1
3
−4 x ,
2
5x ,
2x

2. f ( x )=5 x +9 x 2−3 x 8

Often, the polynomial function does not contain all of the exponents. You still
follow the same procedure listing the highest exponent first (8) then the next
(2) and finally the term with just a variable (understood exponent of 1).
Term Term/s with Con Stan
with lower stan
13
 highes exponents
t
t in
ter dard form
expon descending
m
ent order
−3 x
8
9x ,
2
0 8
f ( x )=−3 x +9 x +5 x
2

5x

3. y=x (x 2−5)
With a factored form of a polynomial function, you must find the product first.
In finding the product of a monomial and a binomial, recall the Distributive
Property.
Multiply the monomial to
the first term of the x ( x2 ) =x 1+2=x 3
binomial
Multiply the monomial to
the second term of the x (−5 )=−5 x
binomial
Arrange the exponents in
descending order.
3
Therefore, the standard y=x −5 x
form is

4. f (x)=−x (x−4)( x+ 4)
Use the special product, Sum and Difference of two terms, in answering this
function.
Get the product of the sum and
( x−4 ) ( x+ 4 )=x 2−16
difference of two terms.
3
Multiply -x to the product. −x ( x ¿¿ 2−16)=x +16 x ¿
Thus, the polynomial
function in standard form f ( x )=x 3 +16 x .
becomes

Writing Polynomial Function in Factored Form

14
 We will focus on polynomial functions of degree 3 and higher, since
linear and quadratic functions were already taught in previous grade levels.
The polynomial function must be completely factored.
Examples: Write the following polynomial functions in factored form.
1. y=64 x 3+125
This is of the form a 3+ b3 which is called the sum of cubes. The factored
form of a 3+ b3 is (a+ b)(a ¿ ¿2−ab+ b2) . ¿ To factor the polynomial function follow the
steps below:
Find a∧b
(a is the cube root of the first term) a=4 x
(b is the cube root of the second term) b=5
Substitute the values of a and b in 2
y= ( 4 x +5 ) [(4 x )¿ ¿ 2−( 4 x ) (5)+ ( 5 ) ]¿
(a+ b)(a ¿ ¿2−ab+ b ) ¿
2

So the factored form is y= ( 4 x +5 ) ¿ ¿)

3 2
2. y=3 x +6 x + 4 x +8
a c
This is of the form ax 3 +bx 2 +cx +d . This can be easily factored if = . To
b d
factor the polynomial function, follow the steps below:
Group the terms (ax ¿ ¿ 3+ bx2 )+(cx+ d)¿ y=(3 x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x )+(4 x +8)¿
2

Factor x 2 out of the first group of terms. 2

y=x (3 x +6)+( 4 x +8)
Factor the constants out of both groups. 2
y=3 x (x +2)+ 4 (x+2)
Add the two terms by adding the 2
y=3 x ( x +2)+ 4 ( x+2)
coefficients y=(3 x ¿¿ 2+ 4)(x +2)¿
So, the factored form is y=(3 x ¿¿ 2+ 4)(x +2)¿

What’s More

A. Directions: Complete the table below.

Polynomial Function Ter Term/s C St

m with lower o a
wit exponents n n
h in st d
hig descendin a ar
15
 he
st nt d
ex te fo
g order
po r r
ne m m
nt
1. f ( x )=4+ 4 x 4 + 8 x

2. f ( x )=(x +2)( x−2)

B. Directions: Write the factored form of the following polynomial functions by

completing the table:
1. y=343 x 3 +27
Find a∧b
(a is the cube root of the first term) a=¿ ¿
(b is the cube root of the second b=¿ ¿
term)
Substitute the values of a and b in
(a+ b)(a ¿ ¿2−ab+ b ) ¿
2
y=¿ ¿
So, the factored form is y=¿ ¿)

2. y=27 x 3−8
Find a∧b
(a is the cube root of the first term) a=¿ ¿
(b is the cube root of the second b=¿ ¿
term)
Substitute the values of a and b in
(a−b)(a ¿ ¿ 2+ab+ b ) ¿
2
y=¿ ¿
So, the factored form is y=¿ ¿)

16
 What I Have Learned
A. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s to complete each
statement.
_______(1)________ means that you write the terms by decreasing
exponents.
Steps in writing this form:
1. Write the term with the ____(2)_________ first.
2. Write the terms with lower exponents in ____(3)_________ order.
3. Remember that a variable with no exponent has an understood exponent of
(4).
4. A ______(5)_________ always comes last.
B. Direction: Factor the following:
1. y=x 4−512 x
2. y=9 x 3−36 x 2 + 4 x−16

What I Can Do
Directions: Write the standard form of the polynomial functions that is found in
nature.
1. The intensity of light emitted by a firefly can be determined by
2 3
L ( t ) =10+0.3 t+ 0.4 t −0.01t .
2. The total number of hexagons in a honeycomb can be modeled by the
function f ( r )=1+3 r 2−3 r .

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.
1. What is the product of (x +3)(x+ 3) ?
A. x 2+ 3 x +9
B. x 2−3 x+ 9
C. x 2+ 6 x+ 9
D. x 2−6 x +9

17
 2. What term has the highest exponent in f ( x )=x 4+ 5 x 7 +3 x ?
A. x 4 B. 5 x 7 C. 3 x D. 0

3. What is the standard form of the polynomial function in number 2?

A. f ( x )=5 x 7 + x 4 +3 x
B. f ( x )=5 x 7 +3 x+ x 4
C. f ( x )=x 4+ 5 x 7 +3 x
D. f ( x )=3 x +5 x 7+ x 4

4. What is the factored form of the polynomial function y=2 x 3 +14 x 2+ 20 x

A. y=2 x (x +5)(x−2)
B. y=2 x (x +5)(x+ 2)
C. y=5 x (x +2)(x+ 2)
D. y=2 x (x +5)(x+5)
5. How should f ( x )=x 3−64 be written in factored form?
A. f ( x )=( x−4)( x 2+ 4 x +16)
B. f ( x )=(x +4)( x2 + 4 x+ 16)
C. f ( x )=( x−4)( x 2−4 x+16)
D. f ( x )=(x +4)( x2−4 x +16)

Additional Activity
Directions: Give 3 situations where polynomial function is found and
write their standard form.

Summary
A polynomial function is a function of the form

n n−1 n−2
P ( x )=a n x +an−1 x + an−2 x +…++ a1 x +a 0, an≠ 0 ,

where n is a nonnegative integer , a 0 , a 1 , … , an are real numbers called

coefficients (numbers that appear in each term) , a n x n is the leading term

18
 (has the highest degree), a n is the leading coefficient, and a 0 is the constant
term (number without a variable). The highest power of the variable of P ( x ) is
known as its degree.
When giving a final answer, you must write the polynomial function in
standard form. Standard form means that you write the terms by decreasing
exponents.

Here’s what to do:

1. Write the term with the highest exponent first.
2. Write the terms with lower exponents in descending order.
3. Remember that a variable with no exponent has an understood exponent of 1.
4. A constant term always comes last.
In writing polynomial function in Factored Form, make sure that it is
factored completely. The following questions might help you to factor the
polynomial functions completely.

1. Is there a common factor?

2. Is there a difference of squares?
3. Is there a perfect square trinomial?
4. Is there an expression of the form x 2+ bx+ c ?
5. Are there factors of ac that add up to b ?

Assessment (Post-Test)

Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.

1. Which of the following is the value of n in f ( x )=x n if f is a polynomial function?
A. √2 B. −2 C. 2
1
2. Which of the following is NOT a polynomial function?
2
A. f ( x )=2021
B. f ( x )=19
C. f ( x )=x 2−x

f ( x )= √ 3 x 2

19
3. What is the leading term of f ( x )=x 2 + 4 x 3+1 ?
A. x B. 2 C. 3
3
4x
4 2 x 1 3
4. How should the polynomial function f ( x )=x −8 x + + +4 x be written in
2 2
standard form?
4
1 x
A. f ( x )=−8 x2 + + 4 x 3 + x +
2 2
4
x 1
B. f ( x )= −8 x 2+ + 4 x 3 + x
2 2
4 3 2 x 1
C. f ( x )=x + 4 x −8 x + +
2 2
3 1 2 x 4
D. f ( x )=4 x + −8 x + + x
2 2
5. How should f ( x )=x 4+ x3 + x 2 + x be written in factored form?
A. f ( x )=x ( x +1)(x 2+1)
B. f ( x )=x (1)( x 2 +1)
C. f ( x )=x ( x −1)(x 2 +1)
D. f ( x )=x (−1)¿)

20
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