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E-mail Address: [email protected]

Supplementary Learning
Materials for
Senior High School
Grade Levels: Grade 11
Core Subject: General Mathematics
Semester: 1st Semester (Module 2- Week 2)

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Represents real-life situations using rational functions

Distinguish rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality
Solves rational equations and inequality
Represents a rational function through its table of values, graph and equation.
(M11GM-Ib-1 – M11GM-Ib-4)

ARCHIE D. POROL, LPT.

09485700770
Adviser: ________________

Page 1 of 16
 RATIONAL FUNCTION

As human being, we give impression to a thing whether it is rational or

irrational based on what we see. Inequalities of others may one of the reason why
they felt unaccepted and neglected. In Math, we use rational and irrational thinking in
differentiating equations and to give emphasis on inequalities of different equations.

This module is for you to be educated on what are the differences between
rational functions, irrational functions and rational inequalities through varied ways.
Moreover, this is very relevant for it can be useful in handling oneself rationally and
irrationally.

At the end of the module, you will be able to:

a. Define rational function;

b. Distinguish rational function, irrational function and rational inequalities;
c. Solve rational equations and inequalities through real-life situations;
and
d. Represent a rational function through its table of values, graphs and
equations.

Page 2 of 16
Direction: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
Choose the letter of the correct answer. And write your answer on the space
provided

___1. A rational expression is an expression that is the ratio of the two polynomials.
a. True b. False
___2. A rational equation is an equation involving rational expressions.
a. True b. false
___3. An irrational inequality is an inequality involving rational expressions.
a. True B. False
p (x)
___4. A rational function is a function of the form f(x) =
q(x)
a. True B. False
___5. A rational equation or inequality can be solved using all x values that will
satisfy
the equation or inequality of the equation.
a. True B. False

For items 6-10

Directions: Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational inequality,
or a rational equation. Write the answer in the space provided before the number.

2+ x
________________6. =8
x−1

________________7. x > √ x+ 2

x +3
________________8. F(x) = 6 -
x2 −5

7
________________9. 2x ≥
x+ 4

x 4
________________10. =
2 x+ 9 x 3

Page 3 of 16
 Task 1: Match It to Me

Directions: Look for the mathematical expression in the figure that corresponds to
the choices whether Rational Function, Rational Equation, and Rational Inequality.
Write your answer in the table provided below.

Rational Function Rational Inequality Rational Equation

f(x) = 2x +5 5 2 2 3 1
x−3
=≤ x x
- 2x
= 5
(example)

Page 4 of 16
 Task2: WHO IS
RIGHT?
Direction: Read the following statements and answer the questions below.
n3
Allan and Gina were asked to simplify −4 . Their solution are shown below
n
together with their explanation.

Allan’s Solution Gina’s Solution

3
n n3
= n3−(−4 ) = n3 +4 = n7 n3 3 n
4
n−4 = 1 = n = n7
n−4 1
n−4
Quotient law was used in my solution I expressed the exponent of the
denominator as positive integer,
and then followed the rules in
dividing polynomials.

Guide Questions:

1. Who do you think has the right way of solving the equation? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What did you observe from their solution?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What have you learned from this problem?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How can you relate this problem to real- life situation?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 16
RATIONAL FUNCTION
A rational function is any function that is the ratio of two polynomial
functions. Neither the coefficients of the polynomials, nor the values taken by the
function, are necessarily rational numbers. So, in simple terms rational mean “one
divided by the other”, like ratio. Any function of one variable “x” is called a rational

P ( x)
function, if and only if, in the form of: f ( x )=
Q( x )
Where; P and Q are polynomial functions of “x” and Q(x) ≠ 0.

Note: Every polynomial function is a rational function with Q(x) = 1. A function that
cannot be written in the form of a polynomial, such as f(x) = sin(x), is not a rational
function.

Here are the steps required for Simplifying Rational Function

Expressions:

Step 1: Factor both the numerator and denominator of the fraction. Remember to
write the expressions in descending order, to factor out a negative number if the
leading coefficient is a negative number, and use various factoring techniques to
factor each expression.
Step 2: Reduce the fraction. To reduce the fraction, cancel out in the numerator and
denominator that are the same.
Step 3: Rewrite any remaining expressions in the numerator and denominator

Simplify the rational function.

Example 1
Solution: f ( x )=¿ x2 + 4x + 4

x+2
= (x + 2) (x + 2)
x+2
=x+2

Page 6 of 16
 Example 2
Simplify x2 −9 x−14
x 2+ 2 x−8

( x−2 ) ( x−7)
Step 1:
( x −2 ) (x+ 4)
(x−2)( x−7)
Step 2:
( x−2 ) (x +4 )
x−7
Step 3:
x+4

RATIONAL EQUATION
A rational equation is a type of equation that involves at least one rational
expression, a fancy name for a fraction. It is also an algebraic expression where

3 x +2
both numerator and denominator are polynomials like, . The denominator
x +3
cannot be equal to zero.

How to solve Rational Equations?

1. Factor all the denominators.

2. Find the least common denominator (LCD). Multiply each side of the equation by
the
LCD
4. Solve the equation.
5. Check solution(s). Reject any solution that makes the denominator = 0

6 xy
Simplify the equation
Example 1. 4 y2

Page 7 of 16
 6 xy 2 ▪3 ▪ x ▪ y 3x
Solution: = =
4 y2 2▪ 2▪ y ▪ y 2y

Example 2.

Page 8 of 16
RATIONAL INEQUALITY

Inequalities- the relation between two expressions that are not equal, employing a
sign such as ≠ “not equal to,” > “greater than,” or < “less than.”

A rational inequality is an inequality that contains a rational expression. The trick in

dealing with rational inequalities is to work always with zero on one side of the
inequality. A rational expression changes its sign only at its zeroes and its undefined
value. In rational inequalities, you can find the symbols¿∧¿.

Steps in Solving Rational Inequality

What value of x satisfies the equation x2 + 3 > 3?

Example 1.
 If x is a positive number.
x=1
x2 + 3 > 3

(1)2 + 3 > 3
1+3>3
4>3
If 1 satisfies the equation then all positive numbers can also satisfy the equation.

 If x is a negative number.
Example 2.
x = -1
x2 + 3 > 3
(-1)2 + 3 > 3
1+3>3
Page 9 of 16
 4>3
If -1 satisfies the equation then all negative numbers can also satisfy the
equation.

 If x = 0
Example 3.
x2 + 3 > 3
(0)2 + 3 > 3
0+3>3
3>3
If the value of x is zero (0) the equation will be incorrect because 3 is not less than 3
or 3 is not greater than 3, then zero will not satisfy the equation.

Therefore, for the equation x 2 + 3 > 3 the value of x that will satisfy the equation are
all positive numbers and all negative numbers except zero. (Try to substitute any
positive numbers and any negative numbers to check if it satisfy the conclusion.)

GRAPH OF A RATIONAL FUNCTION

There are several ways on how to graph a function specially the rational
functions. However, we will focus on the easiest way of doing it and that is using the
table of value.
1
Graph the rational equation f ( x )= .
x
Example 1.
Solution: We all know that in this equation x ≠ 0, so zero is not
part of the domain in this function. If that is the case, then we
can only graph the other sides of the zero. One of the easiest way of graphing it is
making a table of value.
X f(x) or y

-4 1
−4
If x = -4 If x = 1
-3 1 1 1
−3
f (−4 )=
−4
f ( 1) =
1
=1
-2 1
−2 If x = -3 If x = 2
-1 -1 1 1
f (−3 )= f ( 2) =
1 1 −3 2

2 1 If x = -2 If x = 3
2 1
f (−2 )= Page 101of 16
f ( 3 )=
3 1 −2 3
3
4 1 If x = -1 If x = 4
4
If all the values are set, find the location of the point in graph and if you are done,
1
the graph of the rational equation f ( x )= is this;
x

The graph shows that from the

negative side, the graph is going the
negative infinity closer and closer but never
touches the line same with the graph from
the positive side of the graph and that line is
called the asymptotes.
In graphing rational function, the very
important key is to determine first the
asymptotes of the given equation. A rational
function may have a vertical asymptote and
a horizontal asymptote. Let us evaluate how
to find them.

Vertical Asymptote – These values are not in the domain of the function that means
these are the zeroes of the denominator.

x
f ( x )= 2
Example x −9

Solution: We know that the denominator can be factored.

x x
So, f ( x )= 2
= and that means that x = 3 and x = -3 are the zeroes of
x −9 (x +3)(x−3)
the denominator and those values will be the vertical asymptotes. Since those
values are not in the domain of the function then, these zeroes will be the vertical
asymptotes. We can say that 3 and -3 are not in the domain of the function because
if we substitute the numbers 3 or -3 to the value of x in our denominator its result will
be zero.

Page 11 of 16
Horizontal Asymptote – are horizontal lines of the graph that approaches the line. If
there are multiple vertical asymptotes, there will be one horizontal asymptote at its
outmost. Therefore, there will be one asymptote or none.

To find out if there is or none, we need to look at the equation at its standard form.
x a xm
So f ( x )= has its standard form ( x ) = , but in this case, we only used the
x 2−9 b xn
leading term or the first term of the standard equation.

 If the denominator has a greater degree of polynomial where n > m, then y =

0 is the horizontal asymptote.
 If the numerator has a greater degree of polynomial where m > n, then there
will be no horizontal asymptote.
 If the numerator and the denominator has equal degree of polynomial, then
we will get the leading coefficient of the numerator (a) over the leading

a
coefficient of the denominator (b) and y = is the horizontal asymptote.
b
x
Therefore, in our function f ( x )= 2 the denominator has a higher degree of
x −9
polynomial which is two, then n > m or y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.

Real- life Problems Involving Rational Function

The real-world relationships that be modeled by rational functions.

Ana is travelling a distance of 10 meters. Express velocity v as a
Example 1 function v(t) of travel time t, in seconds.
Solution:
The following table of values show v for various values of t.

t (seconds) 1 2 4 5 108
v (meters 10 5 2.5 2 1
per second

Page 12 of 16
 10
The function v (t) = can represent v as function of t
t
The local barangay received a budget of P100, 000 to provide
Example 2 medical checkups for the children in the barangay. The amount
is to be allotted equally among all the children in the barangay.
Write an equation that represents the relationship of the allotted
amount per child(y-variable) versus the total number of children
(x-variable).
1000
Answer: y =
x

Task 4: Evaluate Me! Directions: Evaluate the following mathematical

verbal phrase. Show your solution.

Question:
1. A philanthropist wants to supplement the budget allotted for each child by
providing an additional P750 for each child in the barangay. If g(x) represents
this new amount allotted for each child, construct a function representing this
equation.
2. A fence is to enclose a rectangular vegetable farm with an area of 400 square
meters. If x is the length of one side of this fence, and a function P (x)
represents the perimeter of the fencing material required, construct a function
representing this equation.

Direction: Evaluate the value of each expression

Task 5: MY VALUE below.

My Expression Value My Solution My Value

x
2 3 5/2 2 3 1 5/2
Example : - 10 x ( ) – 10 x ( ) = 10x(
x 2x x 2x 5
)
20 – 15 = 2x
5 = 2x
5
=x
2
Page 13 of 16
 x 1 8
− = 2
x+2 x−2 x −4

x2 + 5 > 4

3x + 2 < 10

5 5 4
+ =
v v +10 3

I have learned that ________________ ________________ ______.

I have realized that ________________ _________________ _____.

I will apply _____________ _________________ _______________.

A. Directions: Determine whether the given expression is a rational function, a

rational equation, a rational inequality, or none of these. Write your answer in the
space provided.

1. y = 5x3 -2x +1___________________________

8 x
2. –8= ___________________________
x 2 x−1
3. √ x−2 = 4 ___________________________
x−1
4. = x3 ___________________________
x+ 1
7 x3 −4 √ x +1
5. y = ___________________________
x 2+3

Page 14 of 16
 B. Direction: Evaluate the following rational inequality expressions. Show your
solution.

2x
1. ≥1
x+1
3 1
2. <
x−2 x

Glossary

ASYMPTOTES- is located when the graph shows that from the negative
side, the graph is going the negative infinity closer and closer but never
touches the line same with the graph from the positive side of the graph.

HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES – horizontal lines of the graph approaches

to the line.

INEQUALITY – a relation between two expressions that are not equal.

It employs a sign such as ≠ “not equal to,” > “greater than,” or < “less
than”.

IRRATIONAL FUNCTION – a function whose analytic expression has

the independent variable under the root symbol. If the index of the root is
even, and in order to calculate images it should be positive or zero, since
the roots of a negative number is even, and are not considered as real
numbers.

HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE – are horizontal lines of the graph that

approaches the line.

RATIO – one divided by the other.

RATIONAL EQUATION – is a type of equation that involves at least one

rational expression

RATIONAL FUNCTION – is any function that can be written as ratio of

two polynomial function.

RATIONAL INEQUALITY – is an inequality that contains a rational

expression. Page 15 of 16

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES – values that are not in the domain of the

function are the zeroes of the denominator.
References

Orlando A. Oronce, General Mathematics first edition, 2016

Durwin c. Santos and Ma. Garnet P. Biason, Math Activated: Engage

Yourself and Our World for Senior High School, 2016

Teacher’s Guide User/Documents/ General Mathematics/pdf.

Learner’s Guide User/Documents/General Mathematics/pdf.

Math Activated; Engage Yourself and Our World, General Math for
Senior High School, k-12 by Durwin C. Santos and Ma. Garnet P. Biaso,
2016.

Slidesharenet/dionesionable/5-exponentialfunction-25568315

Slideshare.net/dionesionable/1-exponentialfunction-25568311

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