4

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
and THEIR GRAPHS
for Mathematics Grade 10
Quarter 2 / Week 1

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as your guide in illustrating

polynomial functions. It will be your aid as you learn new
ideas on illustrating polynomial functions as it may be used
to model and solve real-life problems involving polynomial
functions.

This kit includes the following salient features:

I. What Happened In this part students will demonstrate

what knowledge they previously acquired in polynomials.

II. What You Need To Know This is the discussion part

wherein the explanation of the learning competencies
and presentation of examples involving polynomial
function takes place in describing and interpreting graphs
of polynomial functions.

III. What Have I Learned This part provides student the

opportunity to evaluate their understanding in illustrating
polynomial functions, describing and interpreting graphs
of polynomial functions.

2
 LESSON ILLUSTRATING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
1

OBJECTIVES:
K: States whether the given expression is a polynomial
function or not.
S: Illustrates a polynomial function.
A: Appreciates the importance of polynomial functions
in real-life situations.

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY: REMEMBER ME

Instructions: Determine whether each of the following is a polynomial or not.

Write P if it is a polynomial and NP if it is not a polynomial. Write your answers
in your activity notebook.

3
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:
II. WHAT TO LEARN
A polynomial function is an equation with multiple terms that has
variables and exponents and expressed in the form of a polynomial. A
polynomial function can be expressed just like any other functions using
like f(x), y, or P(x) written on the left side of an equation. A polynomial
function has only positive integers as exponents. The highest power of
the variable P(x) is known as its degree.
A polynomial function is a function of the form
P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + an-2 xn-2 + ... + a1 x1 + a0, an ≠ 0, where n is a
non-negative integer a0, a1, ... an are real number called coefficients, an
xn is the leading term, an is the leading coefficient and a0 is the constant
term.
P(x) = 5x3 – 7x + 6 is a polynomial function in one variable because
their exponents are all positive integers where the leading coefficient is
5,degree is 3 and constant is 6. But expressions like

4
 The terms of a polynomial function maybe written in any order. However, if
it is written in decreasing powers of x, we say the polynomial function is in
standard form. Polynomials may also be written in factored form and as a
product of irreducible factors, that is, a factor that can no longer be
factored using coefficients that are real numbers.
1

Example:
1. Write P(x) = 2x3 – x2 + 14x - 56 + x4 , in standard and factored
form.
Solution:
a. To change to standard form arrange the terms in descending powers of x.
P(x) = x4 + 2x3 – x2 + 14x - 56 (answer)

b. Use factoring by grouping to transform standard to factored form.

Find one factor, (x -2) (x3 + 4x2 + 7x + 28)

Then, factor out (x3 + 4x2 + 7x + 28) by finding one factor.

(x - 2) (x + 4) (x2 + 7 )
P(x) = (x-2) (x + 4) ( x2 + 7 ) is the factored form of
P(x) = x4 + 2x3 – x2 + 14x - 56 .

The most common type of polynomial functions are :

Constant Polynomial Function : P(x) = a = ax0 .
Degree = 0
Linear Polynomial Function : P(x)= ax + b,
Degree = 1
Quadratic Polynomial Function: P(x)=ax2 + bx +c
Degree = 2
Cubic Polynomial Function : P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx +d ,
Degree = 3
Quartic Polynomial Function: P(x)=ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+ e
Degree = 4
The details of these polynomial functions along with their graphs
are explained in the next self-learning kit.

Source:byjus.com/maths/polynomial-
function/

5
Polynomial Functions-Real World Applications:

How will you make an open box?

How do you determine the volume capable from the open box?
Let us solve the following problem to answer the given question.

A paper company plans to make boxes without cover from sheets of

cardboard 30 cm long and 20 cm wide. The company will cut out four squares
of the side x cm from the corners of the sheet and fold up the edges as shown
in the figure. Express the volume of the rectangular box in terms of x.

If you recall the formula of a volume of rectangular box is

Volume = (Length) (Width) (Height).

Given: L = (30-2x) ; W = (20-2x); H= (x)

Solution:
V(x) = (L) (W) (H)
V(x) = (30-2x) (20 - 2x) (x) Substitute the values

V(x) = (600-60x-40x+4x2) (x) Foil Method

V(x) = (600 – 100x + 4x2) (x) Add like terms
V(x) = 600x-100x2 + 4x3 Apply the distributive property

V(x) = 4x3 -100x2 + 600x arrange in standard form.

The function V(x) = 4x3 -100x2 + 600x is a polynomial function representing

the volume of the box.

6
III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

I. CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Instructions: Below the blank puzzle grid is a list of words. Place the words in the
correct place on the grid. Copy the puzzle and write your answers in your
activity notebook.

ACROSS DOWN
2 A polynomial function whose degree is three 1 A first degree
polynomial
functions
5 Is a function represented as P(x) where the degree 3 A polynomial
are non- function whose
negative integers degree is zero

7 When the terms in a polynomial function are arrange 4 A second

from degree
highest to lowest degree polynomial
function
9 In the expression P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + an-2 xn-2 + ... 6 Refers to
+ a1 x1 + a0, an ≠ 0, where n is a non-negative integer numbers or
a0, a1, ... an are real number called coefficients, an x symbols
n without
is the ___________ term. variables

10 A polynomial function whose degree is four 8 Refers to

the highest
exponent

7
II.POST-TEST:
I. Multiple Choice:
Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the letters in your activity notebook.

1. Which of the following is an example of a polynomial function ?

A. f(x) = + 2x – 3 C. f(x) = - x

B. f(x)= x-2 D. f(x) = + -3

2. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial function

f(x)=5x2 +3x5 + 7x - 2 ?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

3. How should the polynomial function f(x) =11x + 6x 2 + x3 + 6 be

written in standard form ?

A. f(x) = 6x2 +11x + x3 + 6 C. f(x)= 6+11x +6x2 + x3

B. f(x)= x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 D. f(x) =6 + x3 +6x2 + 11x

4. What is the degree of f(x) = x (x + 3) (x+ 2)?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

5. What is the value of the constant term of the polynomial function

P(x) = 2x4 – 13x3 + 30x2 -28x + 8 ?

A. 2 B. 8 C. -13 D. 30

6. P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + an-2 xn-2 + ... + a1 x1 + a0, an ≠ 0, where n is _______

A. n is an integer greater than or equal to zero and the coefficient are

real numbers.

B. n is an integers and the coefficient are real nos.

C. n is any real number and coefficient are all positive real numbers.

D. n is any real number and coefficient are all negative real numbers

8
7. Which of the following is NOT a polynomial functions?

A. f(x) = 2x3 - 3x2+x-4 C. f (x) = x-3 +2x2 -7

B. f(x) = (x-5)(9x+1)2(x-4) D. f(x) = 2x4+x5 – 3

8. What do you call the coefficient of the leading term of P(x)?

A. degree B. leading coefficient C. X D. constant

9. What is the degree of the polynomial function f(x)= x 4 - x3 - 3x2 -3x -18 ?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

10. A shopkeeper determines that its profit, P, in pesos, can be modeled

by the function P(x) = 6x2 – 7x – 5 , where x represents the number of
shirts sold. What is the profit at x = 150 ?

A. Php 136,055 C. Php 2855

B. Php 133,945 D. Php 1800

9
 REFERENCES
Books

Callanta Melvin M., et.al. K to 12 Mathematics 10 Learner’s Manual.

Department of Education, Philippines: REX Book Store, 2015.

Oronce, O., and Mendoza, M. E-math IV.Quezon City, Philippines:

Rex Book Store, Inc., 2010.

Websites

https://xaktly.com.MathPolynomial Functions
byjus.com/Maths/polynomial-function/

10
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ELISA L. BAGUIO, Ed.D.

Education Program Supervisor in MATH

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MARICEL T. TROPEZADO
Writer/Illustrator

KEENJI L. ARMENTANO
Lay-out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
JEROME Y. SILORIO
JAMES D. RODRIGUEZ

BETA QA TEAM
NIDA BARBARA S. SUASIN
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
MARICEL T. TROPEZADO

ENHANCEMENT TEAM
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
JAMES D. RODRIGUEZ
MARIA FATIMA M. EMPERADO
LEONARDO M. GASO, JR.

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
content of this module is carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

11
SYNOPSIS

As a learner, you once asked

yourself, “Where on earth have
I ever used polynomial functions?”

As a result of studying this topic, you

will be able to define and illustrate
polynomial functions. You have
identified the terms, leading
coefficient , degree and constant.
You also transformed polynomial
functions into standard or factored
form and model a polynomial
functions. This will give you an idea
of the usefulness and importance of
polynomial functions in business
and the real world.

So, explore this self-learning kit and

apply the relevant mathematical
concepts in both theoretical and
practical contexts.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Maricel T. Tropezado is a secondary mathematics

teacher III at Negros Oriental High School. She
obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Secondary
Education major in Mathematics and Master of Arts in
Education major in Mathematics at Foundation
University. She was one of the Parallel Session
Presenter in the 2019 BE-MTS International Research
Conference at St.Paul University. She was also one of
the writers of Mathematics Contextualized Teaching-
Learning Materials (Grade 10 Phase IV).

12
 LESSON Graphs of Polynomial Functions
2

OBJECTIVES
K: Recalls the graphs of linear functions, quadratic
functions, and polynomial functions.
S: Describes and interprets the graphs of polynomial
functions
A: Performs the activities with accuracy and perseverance.

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:

A. Identify whether the functions represented by the graphs below are

linear, quadratic, or polynomial.

1. 2. 3.
Y Y Y

X X
X

13
B. From the given graphs and equation, find the following: degree, number of
zeros, number of x-intercept and the number of turning points.

Y
1.

Degree: ____________________
No. of zeros: ________________
X No. of x-intercepts: ________

No. of turning points: _______

2. Degree: _____________________
No. of zeros: _________________

No. of x- intercepts: ____________

No. of turning points: __________

II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

How was the activity? What new thing did you learn from the activity?

You have learned that the graph of a first-degree polynomial is a line and a
second-degree polynomial is a parabola. At this point, recall the very
important steps that are undertaken in the construction of a graph. The first
step you usually take is to prepare a table of values for x and y that satisfy the
given equation. These ordered pairs are points that lie on the curve described
by the equation. You then plot the points described by the ordered pairs in the
table.

14
 DISCUSSION

In graphing a polynomial function, the technique of finding and plotting as

many points as possible will be helpful. But there are theorems concerning roots
of polynomial equations that will be of great help to obtain the sketch of the
graph of the polynomial function.
The graph of a third-degree polynomials or a cubic polynomial, has
both maximum and minimum points. The number of maximum and minimum
points is at most one less than the degree of the polynomial. The graph of a
polynomial function of degree n has n – 1 turning point.

When you graph higher degree polynomial functions, the rational zero
theorem and Rene Descartes’ rule can help you find any integral zeros. If there
are many possibilities to try, it is also useful to know the upper bound and lower
bound for the zeros. An upper bound for the real zeros of a polynomial function
is a number greater than or equal to the greatest real zero of the function.
Similarly, a lower bound is a number less than or equal to the least real zero of
the function.

Upper and Lower Bound Theorem let a polynomial function be divided by x

– c.

● If c 〉 0 and all the coefficients in the quotient and remainder are

nonnegative, then c is an upper bound of the zeros.
● If c 〈 0 and the coefficients in the quotient and remainder alternate
in sign, then c is a lower bound of the zeros.

Example:

Find the upper and lower bounds of the zeros of P(x) = 2x 4 + 5x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 1.
Solution:
It is important to emphasize that c is not restricted to integers. It can be any
real number. however, integers are used in illustrative examples for
convenience in the computation.

15
Test c = 1 for upper bound

The third entries are not all positive. So, 1 is not an upper bound.
Test c = 2

The third entries are all positive, so 2 is an upper bound.

Test c = 3

The numbers 3, 4, 5, … are upper bounds. The number 2 is said to be

the smallest integral upper bound. This means that there is no zero of P(x)
larger than 2.

Test c = -3

The third entries are alternating in signs, so -3 is a lower bound.

If the test for c = -4, -5, -6, … are made, the third entries are alternating. The
numbers -4, -5, -6, … are lower bounds. The number -3 is said to be the largest
lower bound. This means that there is no zero of P(x) smaller than -3.

16
Graph of Odd-degree Polynomials
The extreme left and right parts of the graph of
p( x ) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 are:

1. increasing; if n is odd and an 〉0.

2. decreasing; if n is odd an 〈 0.

The domain and range are the set of real numbers

Y
Y
f(x) g(x)

X
X

f(x) is a polynomial where n = 3 and an 〉 0

g(x) is a polynomial where n = 5 and an 〈 0

Graph of Even-degree Polynomials

The graph of p( x ) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 has

1. decreasing extreme left and increasing extreme right parts, n is even and

an 〉 0.

2. increasing extreme left and decreasing extreme right parts, n is even and
an 〈 0.

The domain is the set of real numbers and the range is the set of
nonnegative numbers.

Y
Y
F(x) G(x)

X X

F(x) is a polynomial where n = 2 and an 〉 0

G(x) is a polynomial where n = 4 and an 〈 0.

17
 To graph polynomial functions of degree greater than two, evaluate
the function to determine ordered pairs, then plot the points with this pairs as
coordinates and connect the points to form a smooth curve. The x-coordinates
of the points where the graph meets the x-axis are the zeros of the function.
The information you can get from the given equation of a polynomial function
are the degree and the number of zeros. From the graph, you can determine
the number of x-intercepts, y-intercept, and number of turning points. The
theorems discussed in the previous lesson concerning the roots of polynomial
equations will be of great help to obtain the sketch of the graph of the
polynomial function.

Example:
1. G( x ) = x3 - x2 - x + 1

a. Determine the behavior of the graph

b. Get the zeros and the y-intercept of the function.
c. Sketch the graph
d. Determine the interval where G( x ) ≥ 0.
Solution:

a. The degree of the function is 3 which is an odd, it is an odd-powered

function behaving like a line that starts to the right. Since, the leading
coefficient is positive. It is increasing.

b. Using synthetic division

x2 - 1 = 0
(x + 1) (x – 1) = 0
x+1 = 0 x–1 = 0

x = -1 x = 1
The zeros of the function are -1, 1 and 1 or (-1 and 1 with a multiplicity of 2 )

18
c.

d. The function G( x )  0 when x  -1

e. The graph is tangent to the x-axis at 1, since 1 is a zero of even multiplicity
that is 2.

2. F( x ) = x4 + 2x3 - 5x2 - 6x
a. Determine the behavior of the graph
b. Get the zeros and the y-intercept of the function.
c. Sketch the graph
d. Determine the interval where G(x )≥ 0
Solution:
a. The degree of the function is 4 which is an even, it is an even-powered
function behaving like a parabola opening upward.
Extreme bounds:
-4 1 2 -5 -6 0

-4 8 -12 72
1 -2 3 -18 72

-4 is the largest lower bound.

2 1 2 -5 -6 0
2 8 6 0

1 4 3 0 0
2 is the smallest integral upper bound and a zero.

19
b. Location of zeros

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

F(x) 72 0 -8 0 0 -8 0

The table reveals the following information:

1. The zeros of F( x ) are -3, -1, 0 and 2.

2. y-intercept is 0.

c. Sketch of the graph.

Y

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Since n = 4, the function F( x ) has three turning points.

. Since n = 4 and an = 1, the extreme left part is decreasing, and the extreme
right part is increasing. The function F(x) 〉 0 when x 〈 -3, when -1 〈 x 〈 0

or x 〉 2.

Let’s summarize
To graph polynomial function of degree greater than two, evaluate
the function to determine ordered pairs, then plot the points with this pairs as
coordinates and connect the points to form a smooth curve. The x-coordinates
of the points where the graph meets the x-axis are the zeros of the function.
The information you can get from the given equation of a polynomial function
are the degree and the number of zeros. From the graph, you can determine
the number of x-intercepts, y-intercept and number of turning points.

20
Summary of the characteristics of the graph of polynomial function:

an n Properties of the graph Illustration

+ Even Rises in both directions. Figure 1
+ Odd Falls to the left, rises to the right. Figure 2
- Even Falls in both directions. Figure 3
- Odd Rises to the left, falls to the right Figure 4

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

21
III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

Investigate:
Given the table below, supply the missing information based on the cases
given.

Polynomial Function Leadin Degre Behavior of Possible

g e: the Graph: Sketch
Coeffi
Even Rising or
cient:
or Odd Falling
n>0 or
Left Right
n<0 han hand
d

1. y = 2x3 – 7x2 – 7x + 12

2. y = -x5 + 3x4 + x3 – 7x2 + 4

3. y = x4 - 7x2 + 6x

4. y = -x4 + 2x3 + 13x2 - 14x – 24

Case 1
The graph below is defined by y = 2x3 – 7x2 – 7x + 12 or, in factored form,

y = (2x + 3) (x – 1) (x – 4)

a. Is the leading coefficient a positive or negative number?

b. Is the polynomial of even degree or odd degree?
c. Observe the end behaviors of the graph on both sides. Is it rising or
falling to the left or to the right?
y

22
Case 2

The graph below is defined by y = -x5 + 3x4 + x3 – 7x2 + 4 or, in factored form,

y = - (x + 1)2 (x – 1) (x – 2)2

a. Is the leading coefficient a positive or negative number?

b. Is the polynomial of even degree or odd degree?
c. Observe the end behaviors of the graph on both sides. Is it rising or
falling to the left or to the right?

Case 3

The graph below is defined by y = x4 - 7x2 + 6x or, in factored form,

y = x(x + 3) (x – 1) (x – 2)

a. Is the leading coefficient a positive or negative number?

b. Is the polynomial of even degree or odd degree?
c. Observe the end behaviors of the graph on both sides. Is it rising or
falling to the left or to the right?

23
Case 4
The graph below is defined by y = -x4 + 2x3 + 13x2 - 14x - 24 or, in factored
form,
y = -(x + 3)(x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 4)

a. Is the leading coefficient a positive or negative number?

b. Is the polynomial of even degree or odd degree?
c. Observe the end behaviors of the graph on both sides. Is it rising or
falling to the left or to the right?

24
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

1. If you will be asked to choose from -2, 2, 3, and 4, what values for a
and n will you consider so that y = ax2 could define the graph below ?
A. a = 2, n = 3
B. a = 3, n = 2
C. a = -2, n = 4
D. a = -2, n = 3

2. You are asked to sketch the graph of f(x) = x3 – 3x5 + 4 using its
properties. Which will be your sketch?

3. What are the end behaviors of the graph of f(x) = -2x + x3 + 3x5 – 4?
a. rises to the left and falls to the right
b. falls to the left and rises to the right
c. rises to both directions
d. falls to both directions

4. From the choices, which polynomial function in factored form

represents the given graph?
a. y = (x + 2) (x + 1) (x – 1)
b. y = (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 2)
c. y = x (x + 2) (x + 1) (x – 1)
d. y = x (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 2)

25
 REFERENCES

Books:

Callanta Melvin M., et.al. K to 12 Mathematics

10 Learner’s Manual. Department of
Education, Philippines: REX Book Store, 2015.

Callanta Melvin M., et.al. K to 12 Mathematics

10 Learner’s Manual. Department of
Education, Philippines: REX Book Store, 2015.

Ease Modules Year 2, Module 3: Polynomial

Functions.

26
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ELISA L. BAGUIO, Ed.D.

Education Program Supervisor in MATH

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MA. REALENE SIGLOS BALDADO

Writer/Illustrator

KEENJI L. ARMENTANO
Lay-out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
JEROME Y. SILORIO
JAMES D. RODRIGUEZ
MARICEL T. TROPEZADO

BETA QA TEAM
NIDA BARBARA S. SUASIN
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
MARICEL T. TROPEZADO

ENHANCEMENT TEAM
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
JAMES D. RODRIGUEZ
MARIA FATIMA M. EMPERADO
LEONARDO M. GASO, JR.

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The content
of this module is carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

27
SYNOPSIS

This Self Learning Kit focused on

the learning competency
understanding, describing and
interpreting the graphs of
polynomial functions.

The students are expected to

recall the graph of a linear
function, quadratic function
and polynomial function,
understands, describe and
interpret the graph of
polynomial functions and
perform the activities with
accuracy and perseverance.

Have fun and enjoy as you learn

understanding, describing, and
interpreting the graphs of
polynomial functions while
doing the activities.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR/ILLUSTRATOR

MA. REALENE SIGLOS BALDADO. Finished her

Bachelor in Secondary Education major in
Mathematics in Central Visayas Polytechnic College
now (NORSU) in 1998. Currently teaching at San
Jose Provincial High School, San Jose District,
Division of Negros Oriental, handling Mathematics
Grade 10 and a School and District Math
Coordinator, School Personnel In-Charge, School
Testing Coordinator, and member of the School
Selection Team.

28