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Mathongo - Formula Sheet - Complex Number

The document defines complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers represented as a + ib, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. It outlines properties and operations of complex numbers including modulus, argument, conjugates, and the relationship between exponential, trigonometric, and complex number functions. Key formulas include the definitions of i, modulus as sqrt(a^2 + b^2), and Euler's formula relating complex exponentials and trigonometric functions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3K views4 pages

Mathongo - Formula Sheet - Complex Number

The document defines complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers represented as a + ib, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. It outlines properties and operations of complex numbers including modulus, argument, conjugates, and the relationship between exponential, trigonometric, and complex number functions. Key formulas include the definitions of i, modulus as sqrt(a^2 + b^2), and Euler's formula relating complex exponentials and trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

Aditya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER

Definition

An ordered pair of real numbers (a, b) united symbolically in the form a  ib is called a
complex number. A complex number consists of two parts a and b, a is called the
real part and b is called the imaginary part.

i denotes a quantity such that i 2  1. Hence i   1 .

Note: When b = 0, a  ib  a

When a  0 , a  ib  ib

 the set of all real numbers and the set of all purely imaginary numbers are subsets
of the set of complex numbers.

If A  a  ib, a  ib is called its conjugate and is denoted by A .

Properties

(a) If a  ib  0 , then a  0 and b  0 .

(b) If a  ib  c  id , then a  c and b  d .

(c) The sum, difference, product or quotient (the denominator is not zero) of two
complex numbers is a complex number.

Modulus amplitude form of a complex number

If a  ib is expressed in the form r cos  i sin, r is called the modulus denoted by

a  ib and  is called the amplitude or argument denoted by arga  ib

a  ib  r  a 2  b 2

a b
 is given by the equation cos  , sin 
a b
2 2
a  b2
2

The value of  such that       is called the principal value of the amplitude or
argument and the general value of argument is 2k   , where k is any integer.

Properties of modulus, conjugate and argument

 | z | | z |

 zz  | z |2

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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER
 | z1z2 | | z1 | | z2 |

z1 |z |
  1
z2 | z2 |

 | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |

 | z1  z2 |  | z1 |  | z2 |

 z1  z2  z1  z2

 z1  z1
   
 z2  z2

 zz  z is purely real.

z  z  z is purely imaginary.
 Arg (z1z2) = Arg (z1) + Arg (z2) + 2k, where k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable

 z1 
Arg  
z  = Arg z1  Arg z2 + 2k, where k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable,
 2

Arg z =  Arg z

 If arg (z) = 0  z is real.

Properties of argument of complex number

(a) arg(z1z2 )  argz1  argz2

 z1 
(b) arg   argz1  argz2
 z2 
z1  z3
(c) If r is the modulus of , P(z1)
z2  z3

z1  z3 z z
 r cos  i sin  1 3 e i , where  is R(z3) Q(z2)
z2  z3 z2  z3
the angle between RQ and RP.

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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER

Rotation of a complex number

(a) Rotate OP through an angle  in the y


Q z (cos + isin)
 
anticlockwise direction, then P z1 will occupy
1

P(z1)
the point Q represented by the point 
z1cos  i sin . x x
O

y

(b) If PQ is rotated through an angle  in the R


anticlockwise direction, Q will occupy the point Q(z2)

R which represents 

z1  z2  z1 cos  i sin P(z1)


x x
O

y

(c) If S any point other than Q on PR where PS  PQ, then S can be represented by

complex number z1  z2  z1  cos  i sin


PS
.
PQ

De Moivre’s theorem

(a) For all integral values of n, cos  i sin  cosn  i sinn


n

(b) The q values of cos  i sin1 q are obtained from

2n   2n  
cos  i sin by putting n = 0, 1, 2, ……, (q – 1).
q q

(c) (cos1  i sin 1 )(cos2  i sin 2 )...(cosn  i sin n )

 cos(1  2  ...  n )  i sin(1  2  ...  n )

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MATHONGO – FORMULA SHEET – COMPLEX NUMBER

Euler’s Formula

e i  cos  i sin, e i  cos  i sin

e i  e i e i  e i
From this, cos  , sin 
2 2i

Cube roots of unity

The three cube roots of unity are 1,


1
2
 1
  
 1  3 ,  1  3 and denoted as 1, , 2
2
respectively.

Properties

(a) The product of the two imaginary cube roots of unity is unity. i.e., . 2  1

(b) The integral power of cube root of unity is 1 or  or 2 , where  is one of the
imaginary cube roots of unity. (3n = 1, 3n + 1 = , 3n +2 = 2, where n  Integer)

(c) The sum of the three cube roots of unity is zero i.e., 1   2  0 .

(d) Some identities involving :

(i) 
a3  b3  a  ba  b a  2 b 
(ii) a3  b  a  ba  ba   b
3 2

(iii) a 4  a b  b  a  ba  ba  b a  b 


2 2 4 2 2

(iv) a 2  b  c  ab  bc  ca  a  b  c a  b  c


2 2 2 2

(v) a3  b  c  3abc  a  b  c a  b  c a  b  c


3 3 2 2

3, if n is multiple of 3
(vi) 1 n  2n   .
0, if n is not multiple of 3

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