Module in

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(Midterm Period)

SESSION TOPIC 3: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM – PARTIAL FRACTIONS (part 2)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Understand the technique in solving inverse Laplace transforms.
2. Apply partial fractions in solving inverse Laplace transforms.

KEY TERMS
Laplace Transform Inverse Transform Rational Algebraic Partial Fractions
functions

CORE CONTENT

DEFINITION. If the Laplace transform of a function f(t) is F(s), i.e. if ℒ [𝑓(𝑡)] =F(s), the value of f(t) is called
an inverse Laplace transform of F(s) and can be written symbolically as f(t) =ℒ −1[𝐹(𝑠)] or f(t) = ℒ −1(F), where ℒ −1
is called the inverse Laplace transformation operator.

To find the inverse transforms, first express the given function of s into partial fractions which will, then,
be recognizable as one of the following standard forms:
! ! !
1) ℒ −1!" " = 1 7) ℒ −1!"' $ -'" = - sinh 𝑏𝑡
! "
2) ℒ −1!" $ %" = 𝑒 %& 8) ℒ −1! " = cosh 𝑏𝑡
" ' $ - '

! & !"# ! !
3) ℒ −1!"!" = (( $ !)! , n = 1, 2, 3, … 9) ℒ −1!(" – %)' , -' " = - 𝑒 %& sin 𝑏𝑡

+ $% & ! " # (" $ %)

4) ℒ −1!(" $ %)!" =
! 10) ℒ −1!(" – %)' , -' " = 𝑒 %& cos 𝑏𝑡
(( $ !)!
" !
! !
5) ℒ −1!"' , -' " = - sin 𝑏𝑡 11) ℒ −1!("' " = /- t sin bt
, - ')'

" ! !
6) ℒ −1!"' , -'" = cos 𝑏𝑡 12) ℒ −1!("' , -')' " = /-( (sin 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡)

NOTE ON PARTIAL FRACTIONS. Partial fractions is a name given to the algebraic technique of writing a
quotient of polynomials in “simpler’’ form. This technique has already been encountered in elementary calculus
where it enables us to write quotients in ways whose integrals are easier to recognize.

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 #() $## "$ …$#$ " $
A fraction of the form '() $'# "$ …$'% " %
in which m and n are positive integers, is called a rational
algebraic fraction. When the numerator is of a lower degree than the denominator, it is called a proper
rational fraction. When the numerator is of a higher degree than the denominator, it is called an improper
rational fraction. An improper rational fraction can be converted into a proper rational fraction by simple
division.
To resolve a given fraction into partial fractions, first factorize the denominator into real factors.
These will be either linear or quadratic, and some factors repeated. From algebra, it is known that a proper
rational fraction can be resolved into a sum of partial fractions such that.

1) To a non-repeated or distinct linear factor (s – a) in the denominator, corresponds a partial

fraction of the form
*
;
(+,-)
2) To a repeated linear factor (s – a)( in the denominator, corresponds the sum of r partial
fractions of the form
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
+ )
+ *
+ … + ;
(𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑎)(
3) To a non-repeated quadratic factor 𝑠 ) + as + b in the denominator, corresponds a partial
fraction of the form
*+ / 0
+ + / -+ / 1
4) To a repeated quadratic factor (𝑠 ) + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)( in the denominator, corresponds the sum of r
partial fraction in the form

𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷 𝐸𝑠 + 𝐹
+ + … +
𝑠 ) + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 (𝑠 ) + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)) (𝑠 ) + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)(
Then, determine the unknown constants A, B, C, D, E, F, etc.
To obtain the partial fractions corresponding to non-repeated linear factor s – a in the
denominator, put s = a everywhere in the given fraction except in the factor s – a itself.
In all other cases, equate then given fraction to a sum of suitable partial fractions in
accordance with the given rules. Then multiply both sides by the denominator of the given
fraction and equate the coefficients of like powers of s or substitute convenient numerical values
of s on both sides. Finally solve the simplest of the resulting equations to find the unknown
constants.
Note: To determine the quadratic factor in the denominator of a proper rational fraction, solve
for the discriminant of 𝑠 * + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 such that if √𝑎) − 4𝑏 < 0, it is not factorable and hence it is
a quadratic factor.

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

PROBLEM 1:
)" & , -" $ .
Find the inverse transform of "' , -"& $ !!" , -

SOLUTION:
)" & , -" $ . )" & , -" $ .
= (" , !)(" , ))(" , *)
" ' , -" & $ !!" , -

So that, by partial fractions

)" & , -" $ . 1 2 3
= (" , !) + (" , )) + (" , *)
" ' , -" & $ !!" , -

Where A, B and C are constants to be determined.

2𝑠 ) − 6𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
When s = 1, when s = 2,

2(1)) − 6(1) + 5 = A (−1)(−2) 2(2)) − 6(2) + 5 = B (1)(−1)

!
A= ) B = −1

When s = 3
2(3)) − 6(3) + 5 = 𝐶(2)(1)
.
C=)

Hence,
# )
)" & , -" $ . !
" ' , -" & $ !!" , -
= &
(" , !)
− (" , )) + &
(" , *)

Then,
)" & , -" $ . ! ! ! . !
ℒ −1!"' , -"& $ !!" – -" = ) ℒ −1!" – !" −ℒ −1!" – )" + ) ℒ −1!" – *"

Therefore,
)" & , -" $ . ! .
ℒ −1!"' , -"& $ !!" – -" = ) 𝑒 5 − 𝑒 )5 + ) 𝑒 *5

PROBLEM 2:
6" $ .
Find the inverse transform of (" , !)&(" $ ))

SOLUTION:
Since the denominator consists of a distinct linear factor and repeated linear factors, then
6" $ . 1 2 3
(" , !)& (" $ ))
= (" , !)+(" , !)& + (" $ ))

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 6" $ . 1(" , !)(" $ )) $ 2(" $ )) $ 3(" , !)&
(" , !)& (" $ ))
= (" , !)& (" $ ))

4𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1))

When s = 1, when s = −2, equating coeff. of 𝑠 ) ,

9 = B(3) −3 = C(−3)) 0=A+C

! !
B=3 C = −* 0 = A −*
!
A=*

# #
6" $ . * ,
Hence, ℒ −1!(" , !)& (" $ ))" = ℒ −1? (" , !)
'
@ + ℒ −1!(" , !)&" + ℒ −1?(" , !)
'
@

! ! ! ! !
= * ℒ −1!(" – !)" + 3 ℒ −1!(" – !)&" − * ℒ −1!(" $ ))"

! 8 *+ 5 % – # !
Since, ℒ −1!(" – 7)%" = (9 – !)!
& ℒ −1!(" – 7)" = 𝑒 75 ,

Therefore,
6" $ . ! !
ℒ −1(" , !)&(" $ )) = 𝑒 5 + 3𝑡𝑒 5 − 𝑒 ,)5
* *

PROBLEM 3:
." $ *
Find the inverse transform of (" , !)("& $ )" $ .)

SOLUTION:
Since the denominator is composed of non-repeated linear factor and a quadratic factor, then
." $ * 1 2" $ 3
(" , !)(" & $ )" $ .)
= (" , !) + ("& $ )" $ .)

Where A, B and C are constants to be determined

So that, using partial fractions,
5𝑠 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑠 ) + 2𝑠 + 5) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)

When s = 1, Equating coeff. of 𝑠 ) Coeff. of s:

8 = A(8) 0=A+B 5 = 2A – B + C
A=1 0=1+B 5 = 2(1) − (−1) + C
B = −1 C=2

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

Hence,
." $ * ! (," $ ))
ℒ −1! " = ℒ −1! " + ℒ −1! "
(" , !)(" & $ )" $ .) (" , !) (" , !)(" & $ )" $ .)

! " )
= ℒ −1!(" , !)" − ℒ −1!("& $ )" $ ! $ 6)" + ℒ −1!("& $ )" $ ! $ 6)"

! ) "
= ℒ −1!(" , !)" − ℒ −1!("& $ )" $ !)$())&" + ℒ −1!("& $ )" $ !)$())&"

." $ * ! " )
ℒ −1!(" , !)("& $ )" $ .)" = ℒ −1!(" , !)" − ℒ −1!(" $ !)& $())& " + ℒ −1!(" $ !)& $())& "

! " $ ! , ! !
= ℒ −1!(" , !)" − ℒ −1!(" $ !)& $())& " + 2 ℒ −1!(" $ !)& $())& "

! (" $ !) !
= ℒ −1!(" , !)" − ℒ −1!(" $ !)& $())&" + ℒ −1!(" $ !)& $())&"

" , 7 !
Since, ℒ −1!(" , 7)& $'& " = 𝑒 75 cos 𝑏𝑡, ℒ −1!(" , 7)" = 𝑒 75

! !
and ℒ −1!(" , 7)& $'&" = ' 𝑒 75 sin bt

Therefore,
." $ * *
ℒ −1!(" – !)("& " = 𝑒 5 − 𝑒 ,5 cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒 ,5 sin 2𝑡
$ )" $ .) )

IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

• Additional Lecture (pdf)

(link available in lpu.mrooms.net)

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 SELF ASSESSMENT

Problem Set 4
“Inverse Laplace Transform (Partial Fractions)”

Name: ________________ SCORE: ______________

Major: ________________ Date: ________________

Find the Inverse Laplace transforms of each of the following:

);,!)"
1. 𝐹(𝑠) = ("$6)("& $<)

",!
2. 𝐹(𝑠) = ("$*)("& $)"$))

)",=.6
3. 𝐹(𝑠) = "& $?.6",?.)!
"
4. 𝐹(𝑠) = "- $6

REFERENCES

Kreyszig, E., “ Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley and Sons,10th edition

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday