Module in

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(Midterm Period)

SESSION TOPIC 4: Laplace of Derivatives & APPLICATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Understand the steps in determining the Laplace of Derivatives.
2. Apply Laplace transformation in solving Differential Equations.

KEY TERMS
Laplace Transform Differential Equation Application Laplace of Derivatives

CORE CONTENT

LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVES:

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

Examples:

APPLICATION:
The Laplace transform is useful is solving ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients.
Using the Laplace transform of derivatives, the Laplace operator can transform a linear differential
equation with constant coefficients into an algebraic equation in the transformed function. Upon solving
this algebraic equation for the transformed function, the inverse transform can be obtained and the solution
of the original differential equation can be determined.

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 The Laplace transform of derivative can be readily applied if the appropriate initial conditions are
given along with the differential equation.
The Laplace transform is also applicable in solving simultaneous ordinary linear differential
equation.
The Laplace transform may also be applied to some problems in mechanics.

PROBLEM:
Solve the differential equation y’= 𝑒 ! ; y(0) = 2.

SOLUTION:
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the equation,
ℒ (y’) = ℒ (𝑒 ! )
Using the Laplace transform of derivative,
"
s ℒ (y) – y(0) = ($ & ")

"
s ℒ (y) – 2 = ($ & ")

"
s ℒ (y) = ($ & ") + 2

" ( )$ & )
s ℒ (y) = ($ & ")

)$ & "
s ℒ (y) = $($ & ")

* +
So that, ℒ (y) = +
$ ($ & ")

Using partial fractions,

)$ & " * +
= +
$($ & ") $ ($ & ")

)$ & " *($ & ") ( +$

$($ & ")
= $($ & ")

2s – 1 = A(s −1) + Bs
When s = 0, when s = 1,
2(0) – 1 = A (0 – 1) 2(1) – 1 = B(1)
−1 = 𝐴(−1) 1=B
A=1 B=1

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 " "
Hence, ℒ (y)= $ + ($ & ")

" "
y = ℒ −1,$ - + ℒ −1($ & ")

y = 1 + 𝑒!

Therefore,
y = 𝑒! + 1

PROBLEM:
Solve the differential equation y’’ + 𝑎) 𝑦 = 0, y’(0) = a.

SOLUTION:
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the equation,

ℒ [𝑦" + 𝑎) 𝑦] = 0
Using the Laplace transform of derivative,
𝑠 ) ℒ (y) − sy(0) – y’(0) + 𝑎) ℒ (y) = 0

𝑠 ) ℒ (y) − s(0) – a + 𝑎) ℒ (y) = 0

(𝑠 ) + 𝑎) )ℒ (y) = a
,
ℒ (y) = $! (,!
,
y = ℒ −1,$! (,!-

"
y = aℒ −1,$! (,! -

"
y = a,,- sin 𝑎𝑡

therefore, y = sin at

PROBLEM:
Solve the differential equation y’’ + y = 𝑒 &! ;
y(0) = y’(0) = 0.

SOLUTION:
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the equation,

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 ℒ (y" + y) = ℒ (𝑒 &! )
ℒ (y”) + ℒ (y) = ℒ (𝑒 &! )
"
𝑠 ) ℒ (y) – s y(0) – y’(0) + ℒ (y) = $ ( "
"
𝑠 ) ℒ (y) – s(0) – 0 + ℒ (y) = $ ( "
"
𝑠 ) ℒ (y) − 0 − 0 + ℒ (y) = $ ( "
"
(𝑠 ) + 1)ℒ (y) =
$ ( "
"
ℒ (y) = ($ ( ")(($! ( ")

* +$ ( -
Then, ℒ (y)= ($ ( ") + ($! ( ")

Using the partial fractions;

" * +$ ( -
($ ( ")(($ ! ( ")
= ($ ( ") + ($! ( ")

" *.$ ! ( "/ ( +$($ ( ") ( -($ ( ")

($ ( ")(($ ! ( ")
= ($ ( ")(($ ! ( ")

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 ) + 1) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)

When s = −1, Equating coeff. of 𝑠 ) ; Equating coeff. of s:

1 = A(1 + 1) 0=A+B 0=B+C
" " "
A=) 0=)+B 0 = −) + C
" "
B = −) C=)

Substituting the constants, A, B, and C,

" " "
$ ( !
ℒ (y) = !
+ !!
($ & ") $ ( "

" " " $ " "

ℒ (y) = ; < − ;($! < + ;($! <
) ($ ( ") ) ( ") ) ( ")

" " " $ " "

(y) = ℒ −1; < − ℒ −1;($! < + ℒ −1;($! <
) ($ ( ") ) ( ") ) ( ")

" " "

(y) = ) 𝑒 &! − ) cos 𝑡 + ) sin 𝑡

Therefore,
"
y = ) (𝑒 &! − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

PROBLEM:
Solve the differential equation y” −3y’ + 2y = 4t + 12𝑒 &! ;
y(0) = 7, y’(0) = −1.

SOLUTION:
y” −3y’ + 2y = 4t + 12𝑒 &!
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the equation.

ℒ -1(y” − 3y’ + 2y)ℒ (4t + 12𝑒 &! )

Using the transform of derivatives;
[𝑠 ) ℒ (y)−𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)] − 3[𝑠ℒ (𝑦) − 𝑦(0)] + 2ℒ (y)

= 4 ℒ (t) + 12ℒ (𝑒 &! )

[𝑠 ) ℒ (y) − 𝑠(6) + 1)] − 3[𝑠ℒ (𝑦) − 6] + 2ℒ (y)

= 4 ℒ (t) + 12ℒ (𝑒 &! )

(𝑠 ) − 3𝑠 + 2)ℒ (y) − 6𝑠 + 1 + 18 = 4 ℒ (t) + 12ℒ (𝑒 &! )
" "
(𝑠 ) − 3𝑠 + 2)ℒ (y) − 6𝑠 + 19 = 4 , !- + 12 , -
$ $ ( "

0 ")
(𝑠 ) − 3𝑠 + 2)ℒ (y) = + $ ( " + 6𝑠 − 19
$!

0($ ( ") ( ")$ ! ( 1$.$ ! /($ ( ")&"2.$ ! /( $ ( " )

(𝑠 ) − 3𝑠 + 2)ℒ (y)=
$ ! ($ ( ")

0$ ( 0 ( ")$ ! ( 1$ # ( 1$ $ & "2$ $ & "2$ !

(𝑠 ) − 3𝑠 + 2)ℒ (y)=
$ ! ($ ( ")

1$ # & "3$ $ & 4$ ! ( 0$ ( 0

ℒ (y) = ($ ! & 3$ ( ))($ ! )($ ( ")

1$ # & "3$ $ & 4$ ! ( 0$ ( 0

ℒ (y) = $ ! ($ ( ")($ & ))($ & ")

So that,
* + - 5 6
ℒ (y)= $ + $! + ($ ( ") + ($ & )) + ($ & ")

Where A, B, C, D, & E are constants to be determined.

Considering the partial fractions;
1$ # & "3$ $ & 4$ ! ( 0$ ( 0 * + - 5 6
$ ! ($ ( ")($ & ))($ & ")
= $ + $! + ($ ( ") + ($ & )) + ($ & ")

Simplifying,
6𝑠 0 − 13𝑠 3 − 7𝑠 ) + 4𝑠 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑠)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 (𝑠 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 ) )(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐷(𝑠 ) )(𝑠 + 1)
(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐸(𝑠 ) )(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)

When s = 0, when s = 2, when s = 2,

4 =B(1)(−2)(−1) −6 =E(1)(2)(−1) −24 = D(4)(3)(1),
B=2 E=3 D = −2
When s = −1,
12 = C(1)(−3)(−2)
C=2
Equating the coefficients of 𝑠 0 .
6=A+C+D+E
Where C = 2, D = −2, E = 3
6=A+2–2+3
A=3
Hence, substituting the constants A, B, C, D & E,
3 ) ) ) 3
ℒ (y) + + ($ ( ") + ($ & )) + ($ & ")
$ $!

" " ) " "

(y) = 3 ℒ −1,$ - + 2 ℒ −1,$!- + 2 ℒ −1,$ ( "- − 2 ℒ −1,$ & )- + 3 ℒ −1,$ & "-

(y) = 3(1) + 2t + 2𝑒 &! − 2𝑒 )! + 3𝑒 !

Therefore,
y = 3 + 2t + 2𝑒 &! − 2𝑒 )! + 3𝑒 !

IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

• Additional Lecture (pdf)

(link available in lpu.mrooms.net)

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday

 SELF ASSESSMENT

Problem Set 5
“APPLICATION of LAPLACE TRANSFORM”

Name: ________________ SCORE: ______________

Major: ________________ Date: ________________

Solve the following initial value problems using the transform method:
1) y" – 4y’ + 3y = 0, y(0) = 3, y’(0) = 7
2) y” + y = 3 cost 2t, y(0) = 0, y’(0) = 0
3) y” + 2y’ + 2y = 0, y(0) = 1, y’(0) = −3
4) y” – 3y’ + 2y = 4t + 𝑒 3! , y(0) = 1, y’(0) = −1
5) y” – 4y = t, y(0) = 1, y’(0) = −2

REFERENCES

Kreyszig, E., “ Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley and Sons,10th edition

AEMN04E Engr. F. Castanaday