AP Calculus Final Review Sheet

When you see the words . This is what you think of doing
1. Find the zeros Set function = 0, factor or use quadratic equation if
quadratic, graph to find zeros on calculator
2. Find equation of the line tangent to
( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
Take derivative -
( ) m a f
and use
( )
1 1
x x m y y
. Find equation of the line nor!al to
( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
Sa!e as a"ove "ut
( ) a f
m

1
#. Sho$ that
( ) x f
is even Sho$ that
( ) ( ) x f x f
- s%!!etric to y-a&is
'. Sho$ that
( ) x f
is odd Sho$ that
( ) ( ) x f x f
- s%!!etric to origin
(. Find the interval $here
( ) x f
is increasing Find
( ) x f
, set "oth nu!erator and deno!inator to
zero to find critical points, !ake sign chart of
( ) x f

and deter!ine $here it is positive.
). Find interval $here the slope of
( ) x f
is
increasing
Find the derivative of
( ) ( ) x f x f
, set "oth
nu!erator and deno!inator to zero to find critical
points, !ake sign chart of
( ) x f
and deter!ine
$here it is positive.
*. Find the !ini!u! value of a function +ake a sign chart of
( ) x f
, find all relative
!ini!u!s and plug those values "ack into
( ) x f

and choose the s!allest.
,. Find the !ini!u! slope of a function +ake a sign chart of the derivative of
( ) ( ) x f x f
, find all relative !ini!u!s and plug those values
"ack into
( ) x f
and choose the s!allest.
10. Find critical values -&press
( ) x f
as a fraction and set "oth nu!erator
and deno!inator equal to zero.
11. Find inflection points -&press
( ) x f
as a fraction and set "oth nu!erator
and deno!inator equal to zero. +ake sign chart of
( ) x f
to find $here
( ) x f
changes sign. ./ to 0
or 0 to /1
12. Sho$ that
( ) x f
a x
li!
e&ists Sho$ that


li!
xa

f x
( )
li!
xa
+
f x
( )
1. Sho$ that
( ) x f
is continuous Sho$ that 11
( ) x f
a x
li!
e&ists .


li!
xa

f x
( )
li!
x a
+
f x
( )
1
21
( ) a f
e&ists
1
( ) ( ) a f x f
a x

li!
1#. Find vertical as%!ptotes of
( ) x f
2o all factor3cancel of
( ) x f
and set deno!inator =
0
1'. Find horizontal as%!ptotes of
( ) x f
Find
( ) x f
x
li!
and
( ) x f
x
li!
1(. Find the average rate of change of
( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
Find
( ) ( )
a b
a f b f

1). Find instantaneous rate of change of

( ) x f
at a Find
( ) a f
1*. Find the average value of
( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
Find
( )
b-a
dx x f
b
a

1,. Find the a"solute !a&i!u! of
( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
+ake a sign chart of
( ) x f
, find all relative
!a&i!u!s and plug those values "ack into
( ) x f
as
$ell as finding
( ) a f
and
( ) b f
and choose the
largest.
20. Sho$ that a piece$ise function is differentia"le
at the point a $here the function rule splits
First, "e sure that the function is continuous at
a x
. Take the derivative of each piece and sho$
that
( ) ( ) x f x f
a x a x

+

li! li!
21. 4iven
( ) t s
.position function1, find
( ) t v
Find
( ) ( ) t s t v
22. 4iven
( ) t v
, find ho$ far a particle travels on
[ ] b a,
Find
( )

b
a
dt t v
2. Find the average velocit% of a particle on
[ ] b a,
Find


v t
( )
a
b

dt
b a

s b
( )
s a
( )
b a
2#. 4iven
( ) t v
, deter!ine if a particle is speeding
up
at


t k
Find
( ) k v
and
( ) k a
. +ultipl% their signs. 5f "oth
positive, the particle is speeding up, if different signs,
then the particle is slo$ing do$n.
2'. 4iven
( ) t v
and
( ) 0 s
, find
( ) t s


s t
( )
v t
( )
dt + C
6lug in t = 0 to find C
2(. Sho$ that 7olle8s Theore! holds on Sho$ that f is continuous and differentia"le on the
interval. 5f


f a
( )
f b
( )
, then find so!e c in


a, b
[ ]
such that


f c
( )
0.
2). Sho$ that +ean 9alue Theore! holds on
[ ] b a,
Sho$ that f is continuous and differentia"le on the
interval. Then find so!e c such that


f c
( )

f b
( )
f a
( )
b a
.
2*. Find do!ain of
( ) x f
:ssu!e do!ain is


,
( )
. 7estricta"le do!ains;
deno!inators < 0, square roots of onl% non negative
nu!"ers, log or ln of onl% positive nu!"ers.
2,. Find range of
( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
=se !a&3!in techniques to rind relative !a&3!ins.
Then e&a!ine


f a
( )
, f b
( )
0. Find range of
( ) x f
on
( ) ,
=se !a&3!in techniques to rind relative !a&3!ins.
Then e&a!ine


li!
xt
f x
( )
.
1. Find
( ) x f
"% definition


f x
( )
li!
h0
f x + h
( )
f x
( )
h
or
f x
( )
li!
x a
f x
( )
f a
( )
x a
2. Find derivative of inverse to
( ) x f
at
a x
5nterchange x $ith y. Solve for
dx
dy
i!plicitl% .in
ter!s of y1. 6lug %our x value into the inverse relation
and solve for y. Finall%, plug that y into %our
dx
dy
.
.
y
is increasing proportionall% to
y
ky
dt
dy

translating to
kt
Ce y
#. Find the line
c x
that divides the area under

( ) x f
on
[ ] b a,
to t$o equal areas
( ) ( )dx x f dx x f
b
c
c
a

'.
( )

dt t f
dx
d
x
a

2
nd
FT>; :ns$er is
( ) x f
(.


d
dx
f t
( )
a
u

dt
2
nd
FT>; :ns$er is
( )
dx
du
u f
). The rate of change of population is ?
...
dt
dP
*. The line
b mx y +
is tangent to
( ) x f
at
( )
1 1
, y x
T$o relationships are true. The t$o functions share the
sa!e slope .
( ) x f m
1 and share the sa!e y value
at
1
x
.
,. Find area using left 7ei!ann su!s
[ ]
1 2 1 0
...

+ + + +
n
x x x x base A
#0. Find area using right 7ei!ann su!s
[ ]
n
x x x x base A + + + + ...
2 1
#1. Find area using !idpoint rectangles T%picall% done $ith a ta"le of values. @e sure to use
onl% values that are given. 5f %ou are given ( sets of
points, %ou can onl% do !idpoint rectangles.
#2. Find area using trapezoids
[ ]
n n
x x x x x
base
A + + + + +
1 2 1 0
2 ... 2 2
2
This for!ula onl% $orks $hen the "ase is the sa!e. 5f
not, %ou have to do individual trapezoids.
#. Solve the differential equation ? Separate the varia"les 0 x on one side, y on the other.
The dx and dy !ust all "e upstairs.
##. +eaning of
( ) dt t f
x
a

The accu!ulation function 0 accu!ulated area under
the function
( ) x f
starting at so!e constant a and
ending at x.
#'. 4iven a "ase, cross sections perpendicular to the
x-a&is are squares
The area "et$een the curves t%picall% is the "ase of
%our square. So the volu!e is
( )dx base
b
a

2
#(. Find $here the tangent line to is Arite as a fraction. Set the nu!erator equal to
horizontal zero.
#). Find $here the tangent line to
( ) x f
is vertical Arite
( ) x f
as a fraction. Set the deno!inator equal
to zero.
#*. Find the !ini!u! acceleration given
( ) t v
First find the acceleration
( ) ( ) t v t a
. Then
!ini!ize the acceleration "% e&a!ining
( ) t a
.
#,. :ppro&i!ate the value of
( ) 1 . 0 f
"% using the
tangent line to f at
0 x
Find the equation of the tangent line to f using
( )
1 1
x x m y y
$here
( ) 0 f m
and the point
is
( ) ( ) 0 , 0 f
. Then plug in 0.1 into this line "eing
sure to use an appro&i!ate
( )
sign.
'0. 4iven the value of
( ) a F
and the fact that the
anti-
derivative of f is F, find
( ) b F
1
=suall%, this pro"le! contains an antiderivative %ou
cannot take. =tilize the fact that if
( ) x F
is the
antiderivative of f, then
( ) ( ) ( ) a F b F dx x F
b
a

. So
solve for
( ) b F
using the calculator to find the
definite integral.
'1. Find the derivative of
( ) ( ) x g f
( ) ( ) ( ) x g x g f
'2. 4iven
( ) dx x f
b
a

, find
( ) [ ] dx k x f
b
a

+
( ) [ ] ( ) dx k dx x f dx k x f
b
a
b
a
b
a

+ +
'. 4iven a picture of
( ) x f
, find $here
( ) x f
is
increasing
+ake a sign chart of
( ) x f
and deter!ine $here
( ) x f
is positive.
'#. 4iven
( ) t v
and
( ) 0 s
, find the greatest distance
fro! the origin of a particle on
[ ] b a,
4enerate a sign chart of
( ) t v
to find turning points.
Then integrate
( ) t v
using
( ) 0 s
to find the
constant to find
( ) t s
. Finall%, find s.all turning
points1 $hich $ill give %ou the distance fro! %our
starting point. :dBust for the origin.
''. 4iven a $ater tank $ith g gallons initiall% "eing
filled at the rate of
( ) t F
gallons3!in and
e!ptied
at the rate of
( ) t E
gallons3!in on
[ ]
2 1
, t t
, find
a1 the a!ount of $ater in the tank at m !inutes
( ) ( ) ( )dt t E t F g
t
t

+
2
'(. "1 the rate the $ater a!ount is changing at m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) m E m F dt t E t F
dt
d
m
t

'). c1 the ti!e $hen the $ater is at a !ini!u!

( ) ( ) m E m F
=0, testing the endpoints as $ell.
'*. 4iven a chart of x and
( ) x f
on selected values
"et$een a and b, esti!ate
( ) c f
$here c is
"et$een a and ".
Straddle c, using a value k greater than c and a value h
less than c. so
( )
( ) ( )
h k
h f k f
c f

',. 4iven
dx
dy
, dra$ a slope field =se the given points and plug the! into
dx
dy
,
dra$ing little lines $ith the indicated slopes at the
points.
(0. Find the area "et$een curves
( ) ( ) x g x f ,
on
[ ] b a,
( ) ( ) [ ]dx x g x f A
b
a

, assu!ing that the f curve is
a"ove the g curve.
(1. Find the volu!e if the area "et$een
( ) ( ) x g x f ,

is
rotated a"out the x-a&is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]dx x g x f A
b
a

2 2
assu!ing that the f curve
is a"ove the g curve.
C Pro!le"s
(2. Find

lim
x
f (x)
g(x)
if

lim
x
f (x) lim
x
g(x) 0
=se C8Dopital8s 7ule.
(. Find

f (x)
0

dx


li!
h
f x
( )
0
h

dx
(#.

dP
dt

k
M
P(M P)
or

dP
dt
kP 1
P
M



_
,

Signals logistic gro$th.


li!
t
dP
dt
0 M P
('. Find


dx
x
2
+ ax + b

$here


x
2
+ ax + b
factors
Factor deno!inator and use Deaviside partial fraction
technique.
((. The position vector of a particle !oving
in the plane is


r.t 1 x.t 1, y.t 1
a1 Find the velocit%.


v.t 1 x .t 1, y .t 1
(). "1 Find the acceleration.


a.t 1 x .t 1, y .t 1
(*. c1 Find the speed.


v.t 1 x .t 1
[ ]
2
+ y .t 1
[ ]
2
(,. a1 4iven the velocit% vector



v.t 1 x.t 1, y.t 1

and position at ti!e 0, find the position
vector.


s.t 1 x t
( )
dt + y t
( )
dt + C
=se


s 0
( )
to find C, re!e!"ering it is a vector.
)0. "1 Ahen does the particle stopE


v.t 1 0 x t
( )
0 :F2 y t
( )
0
)1. c1 Find the slope of the tangent line to
thevector at


t
1
.
This is the acceleration vector at


t
1
.
)2. Find the area inside the polar curve


r f ()
.


A
1
2
f
( ) [ ]
2

d
). Find the slope of the tangent line to the
polar curve

r f ()
.


x r cos, y r sin
dy
dx

dy
d
dx
d
)#. =se -uler8s !ethod to appro&i!ate

f (1.2)
given


dy
dx
,

x
0
, y
0
( ) (1,1)
,
and

x 0.1


dy
dy
dx
x
( )
, y
ne$
y
old
+ dy
)'. 5s the -uler8s appro&i!ation an
underesti!ate or an overesti!ateE
Cook at sign of


dy
dx
and
d
2
y
dx
2

in the interval. This gives %ou
increasing.decreasing3concavit%. 2ra$ picture to ascertain
ans$er.
)(. Find


x
n
e
ax
dx

$here a, n are integers 5ntegration "% parts,

u dv

uv v du

+ C
)). Arite a series for


x
n
cosx
$here n is an
integer


cosx 1
x
2
2 G
+
x
#
# G

x
(
( G
+...
+ultipl% each ter! "%


x
n
)*. Arite a series for

ln(1+ x)
centered at


x 0
.
Find +aclaurin pol%no!ial;


P
n
x
( )
f 0
( )
+ f 0
( )
x +
f 0
( )
2 G
x
2
+
f 0
( )
G
x

++
f
n ( )
0
( )
n G
x
n
),.

1
n
p
n1

converges if?..


p >1
*0. 5f , 6lug in and factor. This $ill "e a geo!etric series;
find

f
1
2



_
,



ar
n
n0

a
1r
*1. Find the interval of convergence of a
series.
=se a test .usuall% the ratio1 to find the interval and then test
convergence at the endpoints.
*2. Cet

S
4
"e the su! of the first # ter!s of
an alternating series for

f (x).

:ppro&i!ate


f (x) S
4
This is the error for the #
th
ter! of an alternating series $hich
is si!pl% the '
th
ter!. 5t $ill "e positive since %ou are looking
for an a"solute value.
*. Suppose

f
(n)
(x)
(n +1) n!
2
n
. Arite the
first four ter!s and the general ter! of a
series for

f (x)
centered at


x c
Hou are "eing given a for!ula for the derivative of

f (x)
.


f x
( )
f c
( )
+ f c
( )
x c
( )
+
f c
( )
2 G
x c
( )
2
++
f
n ( )
c
( )
n G
x c
( )
n
*#. 4iven a Ta%lor series, find the Cagrange
for! of the re!ainder for the n
th
ter!
$here n is an integer at x = c.
Hou need to deter!ine the largest value of the '
th
derivative of
f at so!e value of z. =suall% %ou are told this. Then;


R
n
x
( )

f
n+1 ( )
z
( )
n +1
( )
G
x c
( )
n+1
*'.


f x
( )
1+ x +
x
2
2G
+
x

G
+...


f x
( )
e
x
*(.


f x
( )
x
x

G
+
x
'
' G
+... +
1
( )
n
x
2n+1
2n +1
( )
G
+...


f x
( )
sin x
*).


f x
( )
1
x
2
2 G
+
x
#
# G

x
(
( G
+... +
1
( )
n
x
2n
2n
( )
G
+...


f x
( )
cosx
**. Find


sin x
( )
m
cosx
( )
n
dx
$here m and
n
are integers
5f m is odd and positive, save a sine and convert ever%thing
else to cosine. The sine $ill "e the du. 5f n is odd and positive,
save a cosine and convert ever%thing else to sine. The cosine
$ill "e the du. Ither$ise use the fact that;


sin
2
x
1cos2x
2
and cos
2
x
1+ cos2x
2
*,. 4iven


x f t
( )
, y g t
( )
, find
dy
dx


dy
dx

dy
dt
dx
dt
,0. 4iven


x f t
( )
, y g t
( )
, find
d
2
y
dx
2


d
2
y
dx
2

d
dx
dy
dx



1
]
1

d
dt
dy
dx



1
]
1
dx
dt
,1. 4iven


f x
( )
, find arc length on


a, b
[ ]


1+ f x
( ) [ ]
2
a
b

dx
,2.


x f t
( )
, y g t
( )
, find arc length on



t
1
, t
2 [ ]



dx
dt



_
,

2
+
dy
dt



_
,

2
t
1
t
2

dt
,. Find horizontal tangents to a polar curve



r f
( )


x r cos, y r sin
Find $here r sin 0 $here r cos 0
,#. Find vertical tangents to a polar curve



r f
( )


x r cos, y r sin
Find $here r cos 0 $here r sin 0
,'. Find the volu!e $hen the area "et$een



y f x
( )
, x 0, y 0
is rotated a"out
the
y-a&is.
Shell !ethod;


! 2 radius height dx
0
b

$here b is the root.

,(. 4iven a set of points, esti!ate the volu!e
under the curve using Si!pson8s rule on



a, b
[ ]
.


A
b a
n
y
0
+ #y
1
+ 2y
2
+ #y

+ 2y
#
+... + #y
n1
+ y
n [ ]
,). Find the dot product;


u
1
, u
2
v
1
, v
2


u
1
, u
2
v
1
, v
2
u
1
v
1
+ u
2
v
2
,*. +ultipl% t$o vectors; Hou get a scalar.