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(40 révisi antara karya leuwih ti 15 pamaké teu ditémbongkeun)
Baris ka-1: Baris ka-1:
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{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
{{Infobox Country
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = भारत गणराज्य<br />''Bh{{Unicode|ā}}rat Ga{{Unicode|ṇ}}ar{{Unicode|ā}}jya''<!-- IF YOU CANNOT SEE THE 'N' UPGRADE YOUR BROWSER -->
|native_name = भारत गणराज्य<br />''Bh{{Unicode|ā}}rat Ga{{Unicode|ṇ}}ar{{Unicode|ā}}jya''<!-- IF YOU CANNOT SEE THE 'N' UPGRADE YOUR BROWSER -->
Baris ka-7: Baris ka-8:
|symbol_type = Emblem
|symbol_type = Emblem
|national_motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" ([[Basa Sangsakerta|Sangsakerta]])<br />[[Devanāgarī]]: सत्यमेव जयते<br />{{IPARef|sət̪jəmeːʋə ʤəjət̪eː}}<br />("Truth Alone Triumphs")
|national_motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" ([[Basa Sangsakerta|Sangsakerta]])<br />[[Devanāgarī]]: सत्यमेव जयते<br />{{IPARef|sət̪jəmeːʋə ʤəjət̪eː}}<br />("Truth Alone Triumphs")
|image_map = India in its region (undisputed).svg
|image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg
|national_anthem = "[[Jana Gana Mana]]<br />{{Audio|Jana Gana Mana.ogg|listen}}"<br />{{IPA|/ʤənə gəɳə mənə/}}|
|national_anthem = "[[Jana Gana Mana]]<br />{{Audio|Jana Gana Mana.ogg|listen}}"<br />{{IPA|/ʤənə gəɳə mənə/}}|
official_languages = [[Hindi]], [[Sangsakerta]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]
official_languages = [[Hindi]], [[Sangsakerta]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]
Baris ka-15: Baris ka-16:
|leader_title1 = [[Présidén India|Présidén]]
|leader_title1 = [[Présidén India|Présidén]]
|leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri India|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri India|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
|leader_name1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|leader_name2 = [[Manmohan Singh]] | largest_city = [[Mumbai]]
|leader_name2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
|largest_city = [[Mumbai]]
|area = 3,287,590
|area = 3,287,590
|areami²= 1,269,346<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|areami²= 1,269,346<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
Baris ka-22: Baris ka-24:
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|percent_water = 9.56
|percent_water = 9.56
|population_estimate = 1,103,371,000
|population_estimate = 1,324,171,354
|population_estimate_year = 2005
|population_estimate_year = 2016
|population_estimate_rank = ka-2
|population_estimate_rank = ka-2
|population_census = 1,027,015,247
|population_census = 1,210,854,977
|population_census_year = 2001
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density = 329
|population_density = 394
|population_densitymi² = 852<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|population_densitymi² = 1,022<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|population_density_rank = ka-31
|population_density_rank = ka-31
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
Baris ka-57: Baris ka-59:
}}
}}
:''Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo [[India (disambiguasi)]]. ''
:''Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo [[India (disambiguasi)]]. ''
'''India'''(भारत), resmina '''Républik India''', mangrupakeun salasahiji nagara di [[Asia Kidul]]. India mangrupakeun nagara [[Daptar nagara dumasar wewengkon|katujuh panggedéna]] numutkeun wewengkon géografis, [[Daptar nagara dumasar pangeusi|kadua pangloba pangeusina]], sarta nagara nu ngagem [[démokrasi liberal]] panglegana di dunya. India wawatesan jeung Pakistan, [[Républik Rakyat Tiongkok|China]], Bangladésh, Nepal jeung Bhutan. Puseur nagarana New Delhi. India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer<ref name="indianembassy">{{cite web | title = Foreign Policy of India | work = Indian Embassy | url = http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm | accessdate = March 24 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> and borders [[Pakistan]]<ref name="afgh">The Government of India considers the entire state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to be a part of India including the portion bordering [[Afghanistan]]. A ceasefire sponsored by the [[United Nations]] in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.</ref> di béh kulon; [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]], [[Nepal]], jeung [[Bhutan]] di béh wétan kalér; sarta [[Bangladésh]] jeung [[Myanmar]] di béh wétaneunnana. Di [[Samudra India]], India wawatesan jeung [[nagara kapuloan]] [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maladéwa]] jeung [[Indonésia]].
'''India'''(भारत), resmina '''Républik India''', mangrupa salah sahiji nagara di [[Asia Kidul]]. India mangrupa nagara [[Daptar nagara dumasar wewengkon|katujuh panggedéna]] numutkeun wewengkon géografis, [[Daptar nagara dumasar pangeusi|kadua pangloba pangeusina]], sarta nagara nu ngagem [[démokrasi liberal]] panglegana di dunya. India wawatesan jeung [[Pakistan]], [[Républik Rakyat Tiongkok|China]], [[Bangladésh]], [[Népal]] jeung [[Bhutan]]. Puseur nagarana nyaéta [[New Delhi]]. India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer<ref name="indianembassy">{{cite web | title = Foreign Policy of India | work = Indian Embassy | url = http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm | accessdate = March 24 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120907043713/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm |date=2012-09-07 }}</ref> and borders [[Pakistan]]<ref name="afgh">The Government of India considers the entire state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to be a part of India including the portion bordering [[Afghanistan]]. A ceasefire sponsored by the [[United Nations]] in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.</ref> di béh kulon; [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]], [[Nepal]], jeung [[Bhutan]] di béh wétan kalér; sarta [[Bangladésh]] jeung [[Myanmar]] di béh wétaneunnana. Di [[Samudra India]], India wawatesan jeung [[nagara kapuloan]] [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maladéwa]] jeung [[Indonésia]]. <br/>
Urang India mibanda perdaban sarta budaya anu lumangsung ti taun 3300 SM, India mangrupa bagéan ti peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus kalawan mekarkeun [[budaya]] wewengkonna ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta dirojong ku barter bahan tatanén.<ref name="usdeptofstate">{{cite web | title = US Department of State Background Notes on India | work = US Department of State | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm | accessdate = August 19 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618165336/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm |date=2012-06-18 }}</ref> Salila mangtaun-taun, [[nagara]] ieu jadi puseur ruteu penting, puseur mekarkeun [[budaya]] sarta tempat ngadegna karajaan-karajaan anu gedé. [[Agama]] [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Buddha]] jeung [[Jainis]] mangrupa [[agama]] asli ti India, sedengkeun [[Islam]] jeung [[Kristen]] datang ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta ku kaayaan budaya anu geus mekar saméméh ayana invasi ti nagara asing. Sanajan lamun diitung invasi asing nepi ka 4000 taun, tapi budaya India jeung sosial kamasarakatanna teu bisa diruntagkeun, nu hadé ti nagara asing bakal dipiceun atawa bisa di serep gumantung kabudayaan bangsa India, komponén sosial masarakat angger lengkep jeung moal bisa dirobah. Kalawan turunna pamor [[Karajaan Mughal]], sababaraha nagara [[Eropa]] kungsi nyoba nyieun puseur atawa pos paniagaan di India. Tahta [[Inggris]], dina mangsa sababaraha abad saeutik-sautik geus nyoba pikeun ngahijikeun karajaan-karajaan di India kalawan ku maksud pikeun ngajajah India. Tapi saméméh bisa nyokot sagala rupa kauntungan ti kolonialisme, rahayat India kalawan kaayaan séké sélér anu rupa-rupa bisa ngahiji dina hiji gerakan anu kuat pikeun réformsi sosial jeung nyieun sistem pamaréntahana sorangan sarta ngulang deui kajayaan Karajaan India mangsa baheula. Hasilna, India jadi hiji nagara modérn di taun [[1947]]. Rahayat India, satwa liar, géografisna jeung sistem iklim India mangrupa anu pangragemna saalam dunya, jeung India modérn ayeuna bisa disebut bakal jadi nagara adidaya di mangsa ka hareupna.
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{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

The people of India have had a continuous civilization and culture since 3300 B.C., when the inhabitants of the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus River valley]] developed an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural trade.<ref name="usdeptofstate">{{cite web | title = US Department of State Background Notes on India | work = US Department of State | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm | accessdate = August 19 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> Over the milleniums, the subcontinent became a centre of important trade routes, cultural development and vast empires. [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] all have their origins in India, while [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] enjoy a strong cultural heritage having arrived through trade even before foreign invasions. Despite countless invasions over the past 4000 years, Indian culture and society has been so resilient, that it has either thrown away or completely absorbed any foreign influences, with the social fabric largely remaining unchanged and intact. With the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], various European countries tried to establish trade posts. The British Crown, over a period of a century, slowly managed to forge the myriad kingdoms into one entity with a view to colonise it. But before they could garner any gains, the diverse subcontinental populace united in an intense movement for social reforms and [[Indian independence movement|self-rule]] and instead took advantage of the subcontinental entity to forge it into a single nation, thus restoring the glory of the past Indian empires. As a result, India emerged as modern nation-state in [[1947]]. India's population, wildlife, geographical terrain and climate system are among the most diverse in the world, and modern India is now considered an [[India as an emerging superpower|emerging superpower]].
{| class="infobox borderless"
|+ National symbols of the Republic of India (Official)
|-
! '''National animal'''
|
| [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National bird'''
|
| [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National tree'''
|
| [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National flower'''
|
| [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage animal'''
|
| [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National aquatic marine mammal'''
|
| [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National reptile'''
|
| [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage mammal'''
|
| [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National fruit'''
|
| [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National temple'''
|
| [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National river'''
|
| [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National mountain'''
|
| [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]]
|-
|}


== Étimologi ==
== Étimologi ==
{{utama|Asal-usul ngaran India}}
{{utama|Asal-usul ngaran India}}
The name ''India'' /{{IPA|'ɪndiə}}/ is derived from ''[[Indus River|Indus]]'', which is derived from the [[Old Persian]] word ''[[Hindu]]'', from [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Sindhu]]'', the historic local appellation for the [[Indus River]].
Ngaran ''India'' /{{IPA|'ɪndiə}}/ asalna tina kecap ''[[Indus River|Indus]]'', nu asalna tina [[basa]] [[Hindu Persia]] baheula, tina [[basa]] [[Sansekerta Sindhu]], sesebutan pikeun tempat sajarah di [[Walungan Indus]].
Konstitusi India jeung pamaké umum biasa ngagunakeun '''Bharat''', salaku ngaran resmina, ngaran India ogé diaku kalawan status nu sarua. Ngaran katiluna nyaéta, ''[[Hindustan]] '' (basa Persia: Taneuh Hindu < basa Persia Hindu Kuno, India/taneuh Indus < basa Sansekerta Sindhu, walungan Indus) geus dipaké ti abad ka 12, sanajan nu dipakéna sakapeung masih kontemporér atawa teu tangtu maké Bhatat, India, atawa Hindustan.
The [[Constitution of India]] and common usage recognise '''Bharat''' ({{IPAudio|Bharat.ogg|/bʰɑːrət̪/ }}), as an official name, India is also recognized with equal status. A third name, ''[[Hindustan]]''{{inote|THIS SPELLING IS CORRECT. PLEASE READ [[Wikipedia:text support for Indic scripts]]|Indic support}} ({{IPAudio|Hindustan.ogg|/hin̪d̪ust̪ɑːn/ }}) ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ''[[stan|Land]] of the Hindus'' < Old Persian ''Hindu'', India / land of the [[Indus river|Indus]] < Sanskrit ''Sindhu'', any river/the [[Indus river|Indus]]){{inote|ref:Webster's New World Dictionary|Indus}} has been used since the twelfth century, although its contemporary use is unevenly applied.


== Sajarah ==
== Sajarah ==
Baris ka-70: Baris ka-124:
{{utama|Sajarah India}}
{{utama|Sajarah India}}


Zaman batu nu dicirian ku ayana tempat dikumpulkeunana batu sarta lukisan di [[Bhimbetka]] perenahna aya di nagara bagéan [[Madhya Pradesh]], mangrupa léngkah awal kapanggihna kahirupan manusa di India. Padumukan permanen nu munggaran di India geus aya ti 9.000 taun nu geus kaliwat. Tuluy mekar jadi Peradaban Lembah Indus, kurang leuwih [[3300 SM]] di India Kulon. Ieu hal dituturkeun ku peradaban Veda nu ngadadasaran [[agama]] [[Hindu]] jeung aspek budaya lainna ti masarakat India awal. Kurang leuwih taun [[550 SM]], loba karajaan independen jeung républik dipikawanoh minangka ''Mahajanapadas'' nu diwangun di sakabéh nagara nu ka hareupna bakal ngadadasaran ayana India kuno. <br/>
[[Stone Age]] rock shelters with paintings at [[Bhimbetka]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], dating back to 3300 BCE in western India. It was followed by the [[Vedic Civilization]] which laid the foundations of [[Hinduism]] and other cultural aspects of early Indian society. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the [[Mahajanapadas]] were established across the country laying the foundations of ancient India.
Karajaan nu diwangun ku [[Dinasti Maurya]] sahandapeun [[Kaisar Asoka Agung]] ngahiji jeung karajaan paling modérén sa-[[Asia Kidul]] iwal ti
[[Karajaan Dravida]] di beulah kidul. Ti taun [[180 SM]], aya runtuyan invasi ti [[Asia Tengah]] nu dituturkeun ku [[Indo Yunani]], [[Indo-Scythia]], [[Indo-Partia]], jeung [[Kushan]] di anak benua India kalér-kulon. Abad katilu, [[Dinasti Gupta]] ngurus jeung nalingakeun hiji périodeu nu disebut [[India Kuno]] atawa ''Golden Age''. Sedengkeun di bagéan kalér miboga daérah nu leuwih gedé, leuwih saeutik karajaanana. Di beulah kidul aya sawatara dinasti kayaning Chalukya, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Chola, Pallavas jeung Pandya kalawan daérah nu béda-béda. Pangaruh politik karajaan beulah kidul kacida rohakana, sanajan aya dina undak nu leuwih handap ti batan karajaan di beulah kalér India nu dilegaan ka daérah [[Asia Tenggara]] jeung [[Sri Lanka]] nu dipangaruhan ku budaya maranéhanana. Karajaan di beulah kidul leuwih stabil jeung bisa ngayakeun paniagaan maritim nu ngajual rempah-rempah jeung permata ka nagara [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Cina]], jeung [[Éropa]] ti jaman kuno. [[Élmu pangaweruh]], [[téhnik]], [[seni]], [[sastra]], [[matématika]], [[astronomi]], [[agama]] jeung [[filsafat]] tumuwuh mekar di handapeun kapamingpinan raja-raja ieu.


The empire built by the [[Maurya dynasty]] under Emperor [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]] united most of modern [[South Asia|Southern Asia]] except the [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] kingdoms in the south. From 180 BCE, a series of invasions from [[Central Asia]] followed including the [[Indo-Greek]]s, [[Indo-Scythian]]s, [[Indo-Parthian]]s and [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]] in the north-western [[Indian Subcontinent]]. From the third century CE, the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta dynasty]] oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age." While the north had larger, fewer kingdoms, in the south there were several dynasties such as the [[Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]], [[Hoysalas]], [[Cheras]], [[Cholas]], [[Pallavas]] and [[Pandyas]] in different times and regions.
The political influence of these mighty southern kingdoms, though felt to a lesser extent by north India extended into [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Sri Lanka]] and deeply influenced their culture. The southern kingdoms remained relatively more stable and carried out maritime trade in spices and precious gems with the Arabia, China and Europe from ancient times.
[[Ancient Indian science and technology|Science, engineering]], [[Indian art|art]], [[Indian literature|literature]], [[Indian Mathematics|mathematics]], [[Indian science|astronomy]], [[Religion in India|religion]] and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]] flourished under the patronage of these kings.
[[Gambar:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|left|270px|The [[Sanchi|Sanchi stupa]] in Sanchi, [[Madhya Pradesh]] built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]]
[[Gambar:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|left|270px|The [[Sanchi|Sanchi stupa]] in Sanchi, [[Madhya Pradesh]] built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]]
Sanggeus invasi ti [[Asia Tengah]], antara abad ka-10 jeung abad ka-12, loba daérah di [[India Kalér]] dikawasa ku [[Karajaan Délhi]]. Tuluy [[Dinasti Mughal]] nambahan wilayah kakawasaanana ngaliwatan sawatara anak benua India. Tapi ngan sababaraha karajaan pribumi anu tuluy mekar, utamana nu aya di beulah kidul saperti [[Karajaan Wijayanagara]]. Ti abad kagenepbelas kabéhdieunakeun, sawatara nagara [[Éropa]] kaasup [[Portugal]], [[Walanda]], [[Perancis]], jeung [[Inggris]] mimiti datang salaku padagang. Maranéhanana tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina sifat ''fractious'' di antara karajaan-karajaan pikeun ngawangun koloni di ieu nagara. Taun [[1856]], sabagéan gedé wilayah India aya dina kakawasaan ''British East India Company''. Sataun ti harita, pemberontakan nasional gagal nalika rék baruntak ka unit militer jeung karajaan, nu kasohor sacara lokal minangka [[Pemberontakan India taun 1857|Perang munggaran kamerdikaan India]] (dipikawanoh minangka Pemberontakan Sepoy), ngabalukarkeun India aya di handapeun kontrol langsung ti [[Karajaan Inggris]] minangka koloni [[Karajaan Inggris]].
Following the invasions from Central Asia, between the tenth to the twelfth centuries, much of north India came under the rule of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and later the [[Mughal dynasty]], who gradually expanded their reign through most of the Indian subcontinent. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms flourished, especially in the south, such as the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. From the sixteenth century onwards, several [[Europe]]an countries, including [[Portugal]], [[Netherlands]], [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], started arriving as traders, later taking advantage of the fractious nature of relations between the kingdoms, to establish [[colony|colonies]] in the country. By 1856, most of India came under control of the [[British East India Company]]. A year later, a failed nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, known locally as the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|First War of Indian Independence]] (known as the Sepoy Mutiny elsewhere) broke out, leading to India being under the direct control of the [[British Crown]] as a colony of the British Empire.


<!--[[Image:Nehru Gandhi 1937 touchup.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (right) with India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]]]-->
<!--[[Image:Nehru Gandhi 1937 touchup.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (right) with India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]]]-->
In the early twentieth century, a nationwide [[Indian Independence Movement|struggle for independence]] was launched by the [[Indian National Congress]], and various revolutionary groups. The movement was largely led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], with [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] playing important roles. Millions protested in various mass campaigns of [[civil disobedience]] with a commitment to ''[[ahimsa]]'' or non-violence. Finally, after the [[Quit India|''Quit India'' massive civil disobedience]] movement during [[World War II|WWII]], and a number of [[Bombay Mutiny|mutinies]] in the armed forces after the war, India gained independence from British rule on [[15 August]], [[1947]] . Three years later, on [[26 January]], [[1950]], India ratified a new [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], and became a republic.
Awal abda ka-21 [[Gerakan Kemerdékaan India|pajoangan nasional keur kamerdékaan]] diprakarsai ku [[Kongrés Nasional India]] jeung sawatara kelompok révolusioner. Ieu gerakan sabagéan gedé dipingpin ku [[Mahatma Gandhi]] jeung [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], jeung [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] miboga kalungguhan nu penting. <br/>
Jutaan protés nyampak dina rupa-rupa kampanyeu massa sipil, kalawan komitmen keur ahimsa atawa ''non-kekerasan''. Ahirna, sanggeus kaluar ''Gerakan India Pembangkangan Sipil'' salila Perang Dunia II, jeung sajumlahing [[Pemberontakan Bombay|pemberontakan]] angkatan bersenjata sanggeus perang, India merdéka tina penjajahan [[Inggris]] dina tanggal [[15 Agustus]] [[1947]]. Tilu taun ti harita, dina tanggal tanggal [[26 Januari]] [[1950]], India nyusun konstitusi anyar sarta robah jadi [[républik]]. <br/>

Sanggeus merdéka, loba pemberontakan di daérah-daérah. Aya sengketa wilayah jeung [[China]] nu encan anggeus, nu ngabalukarkeun ayana [[Perang Sino- India]] dina taun [[1962]]; antara India jeung [[Pakistan]], nu antukna nyababkeun perang dina taun [[1947]], [[1965]], [[1971]], jeung perang di [[Kargil]] taun [[1999]]. India mangrupa anggota pendiri [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] jeung [[PBB]] (mangsa harita masih kénéh bagéan tina British India). Dina taun [[1974]], India ngayakeun uji coba nuklir bawah tanah. Hal ieu dituturkeun ku lima tes lainna dina taun [[1998]]. Reformasi ékonomi anu signifikan dimimitian ti taun [[1991]] nyababkeun India jadi salah sahiji nagara anu kamekaran ekonomina pangtéréhna di dunya. Angka kamiskinan taun [[1996]] turun jadi 22% dina taun [[2006]].
Since it gained independence, India has seen sectarian violence and [[insurgency|insurgencies]] in various parts of the country, but has maintained its unity and democracy. It has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which escalated into the brief [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962; and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]] and in 1999 war in [[Kargil War|Kargil]]. India is a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[United Nations]] (at the time as part of British India). In 1974, India conducted an underground [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear test]]. This was followed by [[Operation Shakti|five more]] tests in 1998. Significant economic reforms beginning in 1991 have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. The 1996 poverty rate of 36% fell to 22% by 2006.
{{see also|Timeline of Indian history|Military history of India|Indian Independence Movement}}
{{see also|Timeline of Indian history|Military history of India|Indian Independence Movement}}


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India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest [[electorate|electing population]] among [[List of democratic states|democratic countries]]. The country has a federal form of government and a [[bicameral]] [[parliament]] operating under a [[Westminster System|Westminster-style]] parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the [[Legislature]], [[Executive]] and [[Judiciary]]. The [[President of India|President]] is the [[head of state]], though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the Supreme Commander of [[Indian military|India's armed forces]]. The President is elected indirectly by an [[electoral college]] for five-year terms. Presidential assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force. The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is the de facto [[head of government]], and has most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the President, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% seats in the lower house. The Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President on governance matters.
India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest [[electorate|electing population]] among [[List of democratic states|democratic countries]]. The country has a federal form of government and a [[bicameral]] [[parliament]] operating under a [[Westminster System|Westminster-style]] parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the [[Legislature]], [[Executive]] and [[Judiciary]]. The [[President of India|President]] is the [[head of state]], though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the Supreme Commander of [[Indian military|India's armed forces]]. The présidént is elected indirectly by an [[electoral college]] for five-yéar terms. présidéntial assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force. The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is the de facto [[head of government]], and has most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the présidént, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% séats in the lower house. The Union Council of Ministers héaded by the Prime Minister aids and advises the présidént on governance matters.
[[Gambar:Thesouthblockdelhi.JPG|270px|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi houses the [[Indian Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Office]], the ministries of [[Ministry of Defence|Defence]], External Affairs and Finance and the Home Ministry.]]
[[Gambar:Thesouthblockdelhi.JPG|270px|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi houses the [[Indian Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Office]], the ministries of [[Ministry of Defence|Defence]], External Affairs and Finance and the Home Ministry.]]
The legislature of India is the bicameral [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]], which consists of the upper house called the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), and the lower house called the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of People). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-year term. Each state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some seats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-year term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 years of age.
The legislature of India is the bicameral [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]], which consists of the upper house called the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), and the lower house called the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of Péople). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-yéar term. éach state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some séats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-yéar term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 yéars of age.
The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President, and the [[Council of Ministers]] (the [[Cabinet]] being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.
The executive arm consists of the présidént, Vice-présidént, and the [[Council of Ministers]] (the [[Cabinet]] being its executive committee) héaded by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.


India's independent judiciary consists of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]]. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen [[High Courts of India]], and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite book | first = K.M. | last = Matthew | title = Manorama Yearbook 2003 | publisher = [[Malayala Manorama]] | year = 2006 | id = ISBN 81-89004-07-7 | pages = pg 524 }}</ref>
India's independent judiciary consists of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], héaded by the [[Chief Justice of India]]. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen [[High Courts of India]], and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite book | first = K.M. | last = Matthew | title = Manorama Yearbook 2003 | publisher = [[Malayala Manorama]] | year = 2006 | id = ISBN 81-89004-07-7 | pages = pg 524 }}</ref>


== Pulitik ==
== Pulitik ==
{{main2|Pulitik India|Hubungan luar nagri India}}
{{main2|Pulitik India|Hubungan luar nagri India}}


For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the [[Janata Party]] coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the [[Indian Emergency|"Emergency"]] declared by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The [[Janata Dal]] won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) followed by a left-leaning [[United Front (India)|United Front]] coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 Indian elections]] saw the left-leaning Congress party winning the largest number of seats to form a government by leading the [[United Progressive Alliance]], and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP.
For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the [[Janata Party]] coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the [[Indian Emergency|"Emergency"]] declared by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The [[Janata Dal]] won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two yéars. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) followed by a left-léaning [[United Front (India)|United Front]] coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-yéar term. The [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 Indian elections]] saw the left-léaning Congress party winning the largest number of séats to form a government by léading the [[United Progressive Alliance]], and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP.


Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a lead in the 1950s in advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia. During the [[Cold War]], India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India's relationship with the [[Soviet Union]] warmed at the expense of ties with the [[United States]] and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has consistently refused to sign the [[CTBT]] and the [[NPT]] to maintain sovereignty over its nuclear program despite criticism and military sanctions. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of [[South America]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. In recent years, India has played an influential role in the [[SAARC]]. India has been a long time supporter of the [[United Nations]], with over 55,000 [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] and police personnel having served in 35 UN peace keeping operations over four continents <ref name="UN">{{cite web | title = India and the United Nations | url = http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html | accessdate = April 22 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>. Since the 1990s, India has been considered a [[great power|great or major power]] on the global stage, meaning it has considerable influence on international affairs.
Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a léad in the 1950s in advocating the independence of Européan colonies in Africa and Asia. During the [[Cold War]], India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India's relationship with the [[Soviet Union]] warmed at the expense of ties with the [[United States]] and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has consistently refused to sign the [[CTBT]] and the [[NPT]] to maintain sovereignty over its nucléar program despite criticism and military sanctions. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of [[South America]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. In recent yéars, India has played an influential role in the [[SAARC]]. India has been a long time supporter of the [[United Nations]], with over 55,000 [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] and police personnel having served in 35 UN péace keeping operations over four continents <ref name="UN">{{cite web | title = India and the United Nations | url = http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html | accessdate = April 22 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504184925/http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html |date=2006-05-04 }}</ref>. Since the 1990s, India has been considered a [[great power|great or major power]] on the global stage, méaning it has considerable influence on international affairs.


== Babagéan Administratif ==
== Babagéan Administratif ==
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{{utama|Géografi India}}
{{utama|Géografi India}}


The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]], situated on the [[Indian Plate]], the northerly portion of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], in [[southern Asia]]. India's northern and northeastern states are partially situated in the [[Himalaya|Himalayan Mountain Range]]. The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic plain]]. In the west, bordering southeast [[Pakistan]], lies the [[Thar Desert]]. The [[South India|southern Indian]] [[Peninsula]] is almost entirely composed of the [[Deccan|Deccan plateau]], which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]].
The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]], situated on the [[Indian Plate]], the northerly portion of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], in [[southern Asia]]. India's northern and northéastern states are partially situated in the [[Himalaya|Himalayan Mountain Range]]. The rest of northern, central and éastern India consists of the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic plain]]. In the west, bordering southéast [[Pakistan]], lies the [[Thar Desert]]. The [[South India|southern Indian]] [[Peninsula]] is almost entirely composed of the [[Deccan|Deccan plateau]], which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]].


India is home to several major rivers, including the [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yamuna]], [[Godavari]], [[Kaveri]], [[Narmada]], and [[Krishna River|Krishna]]. India has three archipelagos – [[Lakshadweep]] off the southwest coast, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]-volcanic island chain to the southeast, and the [[Sunderbans]] in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal.
India is home to several major rivers, including the [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yamuna]], [[Godavari]], [[Kaveri]], [[Narmada]], and [[Krishna River|Krishna]]. India has three archipelagos – [[Lakshadweep]] off the southwest coast, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]-volcanic island chain to the southéast, and the [[Sunderbans]] in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal.


Climate in India varies from [[tropical climate|tropical]] in the south to more [[temperate climate|temperate]] in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters. India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia. This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The [[Thar Desert]] is responsible for attracting the moisture laden [[southwest monsoon]] winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September.
Climate in India varies from [[tropical climate|tropical]] in the south to more [[temperate climate|temperate]] in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters. India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia. This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The [[Thar Desert]] is responsible for attracting the moisture laden [[southwest monsoon]] winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September.
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== Ékonomi ==
== Ékonomi ==
{{utama|Ékonomi India}}
{{utama|Ékonomi India}}
The economy of India is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fourth largest]] in the world as measured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), with a [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of US $3.63 [[trillion]]. When measured in [[United States dollar|USD]] [[exchange rate|exchange-rate]] terms, it is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|twelfth largest]] in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank.<ref name="India's GDP in 2005">{{cite web |url=http://hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237,00020008.htm|title="India 12th wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=2006-07-08}}</ref> India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the [[Q1|first quarter]] of 2006. [[Wealth distribution]] in India, a [[developing country]], is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of all income.<ref name=incomedist>[http://www.indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm "IN PICTURES - Middle Class, or Upper Class? "]. India Together. <u>Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd.</u>. August 2003</ref> India's [[per capita income]] (PPP) of US$&nbsp;3,400 <ref name="CIA">{{cite web | title = CIA Factbook : India | work = CIA Factbook | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|122nd]] in the world.
The economy of India is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fourth largest]] in the world as méasured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), with a [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of US $3.63 [[trillion]]. When méasured in [[United States dollar|USD]] [[exchange rate|exchange-rate]] terms, it is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|twelfth largest]] in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank.<ref name="India's GDP in 2005">{{cite web|url=http://hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237,00020008.htm|title="India 12th wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=2006-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715123609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237%2C00020008.htm |date=2006-07-15 }}</ref> India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the [[Q1|first quarter]] of 2006. [[Wealth distribution]] in India, a [[developing country]], is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups éarning 33% of all income.<ref name=incomedist>[http://www.indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm "IN PICTURES - Middle Class, or Upper Class? "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723080711/http://indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm |date=2014-07-23 }}. India Together. <u>Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd.</u>. August 2003</ref> India's [[per capita income]] (PPP) of US$&nbsp;3,400 <ref name="CIA">{{cite web | title = CIA Factbook : India | work = CIA Factbook | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=2008-06-11 }}</ref> is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|122nd]] in the world.


For most of its independent history, India adhered to a ''[[quasi]]''-[[Socialism|socialist]] approach, with strict government control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through [[liberalization|economic reforms]] by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. [[Privatization|Privatisation]] of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate.
For most of its independent history, India adhered to a ''[[quasi]]''-[[Socialism|socialist]] approach, with strict government control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through [[liberalization|economic reforms]] by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. [[Privatization|Privatisation]] of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate.


India has a [[labour force]] of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstream industry and 23% in service industries. India's agricultural produce includes rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery.<ref name="CIA"/>
India has a [[labour force]] of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstréam industry and 23% in service industries. India's agricultural produce includes rice, whéat, oilseed, cotton, jute, téa, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery.<ref name="CIA"/>


India's large [[English language|English]] speaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in [[Business Process Outsourcing]] (BPO). It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted research & development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All this has helped the services sector to increase its share of the economy to approximately 50%.
India's large [[English language|English]] spéaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in [[Business Process Outsourcing]] (BPO). It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted reséarch & development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All this has helped the services sector to incréase its share of the economy to approximately 50%.


India is also a major exporter of [[financial]], [[research]] and technology services. India's most important trading partners are the [[United States]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]].<ref name="CIA"/>
India is also a major exporter of [[financial]], [[research]] and technology services. India's most important trading partners are the [[United States]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]].<ref name="CIA"/>
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<!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->
<!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->


India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion people in 2006.<ref name="Census">{{cite web | title = Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work = Census of India | url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> Language, [[caste]] and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population. Although 81.5% of the people are [[Hinduism|Hindus]], India is also home to the [[Islam by country|second-largest]] population of [[Muslim]]s in the world (12.2%), after [[Indonesia]]. Other religious groups include [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (2%), [[Christianity|Christians]] (2.33%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.76%), [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.40%), [[Jew]]s, [[Zoroastrians]], [[Ahmadi]]s, and [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]].<ref name="Census"/> The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%). The state of [[Kerala]] leads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%.
India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion péople in 2006.<ref name="Census">{{cite web | title = Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work = Census of India | url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516234343/http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html |date=2005-05-16 }}</ref> Language, [[caste]] and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population. Although 81.5% of the péople are [[Hinduism|Hindus]], India is also home to the [[Islam by country|second-largest]] population of [[Muslim]]s in the world (12.2%), after [[Indonesia]]. Other religious groups include [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (2%), [[Christianity|Christians]] (2.33%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.76%), [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.40%), [[Jew]]s, [[Zoroastrians]], [[Ahmadi]]s, and [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]].<ref name="Census"/> The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%). The state of [[Kerala]] léads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%.


Unlike the [[Race (United States Census)|USA]], [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK]], and [[Census in Australia|Australian Censuses]], the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. <http://www.censusindia.net/>.</ref>
Unlike the [[Race (United States Census)|USA]], [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK]], and [[Census in Australia|Australian Censuses]], the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. <http://www.censusindia.net/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/ |date=2004-06-16 }}>.</ref>
<!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->
<!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->


India's biggest [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] agglomerations are [[Mumbai]] (formerly ''Bombay''), [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] (formerly ''Calcutta''), [[Chennai]] (formerly ''Madras''), [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]]. The national [[sex ratio]] is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66. India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000.<ref name="Census"/> The total [[fertility rate]] (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decrease in [[South India]].
India's biggest [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] agglomerations are [[Mumbai]] (formerly ''Bombay''), [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] (formerly ''Calcutta''), [[Chennai]] (formerly ''Madras''), [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]]. The national [[sex ratio]] is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66. India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000.<ref name="Census"/> The total [[fertility rate]] (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decréase in [[South India]].


India is home to two major [[Languages of India|linguistic families]]: [[Indo-Aryan]] (spoken by about 74% of the population) and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the [[Austro-Asiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman]] linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages.<ref name="languagesofInd">{{cite web | title = Languages of India | work = India image | url = http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are used by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a ''de jure'' priority. [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] enjoy [[classical language]] status in India <ref name=classicallanguage>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm "Tamil to be declared classical language"]. The Hindu. 17 Sept. 2004</ref>. The number of [[dialects]] in India is as high as 1,652.<ref name="Manorama"/>
India is home to two major [[Languages of India|linguistic families]]: [[Indo-Aryan]] (spoken by about 74% of the population) and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the [[Austro-Asiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman]] linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages.<ref name="languagesofInd">{{cite web | title = Languages of India | work = India image | url = http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107200105/http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm |date=2006-11-07 }}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are used by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a ''de jure'' priority. [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] enjoy [[classical language]] status in India <ref name=classicallanguage>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm "Tamil to be declared classical language"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181730/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}. The Hindu. 17 Sept. 2004</ref>. The number of [[dialects]] in India is as high as 1,652.<ref name="Manorama"/>
<!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->
<!--Warning! It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition. India's racial and ethnic groups are debated. The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->


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{{utama|Budaya India}}
{{utama|Budaya India}}
[[Gambar:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is India's most popular tourist destination.]]
[[Gambar:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is India's most popular tourist destination.]]
India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and ideas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the [[Taj Mahal]] and other examples of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic-inspired architecture]] have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.
India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and idéas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the [[Taj Mahal]] and other examples of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic-inspired architecture]] have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.


<!--[[Image:Thanjavur_temple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built 1000 years ago.]]-->
<!--[[Image:Thanjavur_temple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built 1000 years ago.]]-->
[[Music of India|Indian music]] is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] are ''[[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]'' from [[South India]], and ''[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]'' from [[North India]], each of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being [[Filmi music]]. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of [[Indian folk music|folk music]] from different parts of the country. Many [[Indian classical dance|classical dance forms]] exist, including the [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.
[[Music of India|Indian music]] is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] are ''[[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]'' from [[South India]], and ''[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]'' from [[North India]], éach of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being [[Filmi music]]. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of [[Indian folk music|folk music]] from different parts of the country. Many [[Indian classical dance|classical dance forms]] exist, including the [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.


The earliest [[Indian literature|literary traditions]] in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the [[Vedas]] and the epics of the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]. [[Sangam]] literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modern Indian writers, both in Indian languages and [[Indian Writing in English|in English]]. Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India's only [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel laureate in literature]] was the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at least 66 million copies daily in 2003.
The éarliest [[Indian literature|literary traditions]] in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the [[Vedas]] and the epics of the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]. [[Sangam]] literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modérn Indian writers, both in Indian languages and [[Indian Writing in English|in English]]. Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India's only [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel laureate in literature]] was the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at léast 66 million copies daily in 2003.


The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every year. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "[[Bollywood]]". There are also strong cinema industries based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.
The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every yéar. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "[[Bollywood]]". There are also strong cinema industries based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.
[[Gambar:Babasteve-View of Varanasi from the Ganges.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Varanasi]]
[[Gambar:Babasteve-View of Varanasi from the Ganges.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Varanasi]]
, the religious and cultural center of India for thousands of years is the oldest living city in the world and is considered as one of the most sacred places of [[pilgrimage]] for [[Hindus]] irrespective of denomination.<ref name=Varanasicity>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH "Oldest Holy city"]</ref>]]
, the religious and cultural center of India for thousands of yéars is the oldest living city in the world and is considered as one of the most sacred places of [[pilgrimage]] for [[Hindus]] irrespective of denomination.<ref name=Varanasicity>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH "Oldest Holy city"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029134626/http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH |date=2006-10-29 }}</ref>]]
Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nuclear family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional [[joint family]] system.
Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nucléar family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional [[joint family]] system.


The [[cuisine of India]] is diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and wheat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of [[vegetarian]] and non-vegetarian [[wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of India|cuisine]]. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. [[Indian Dress|Traditional dress]] in India greatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional [[sari]] for women and the traditional [[dhoti]] for men.
The [[cuisine of India]] is diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and whéat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of [[vegetarian]] and non-vegetarian [[wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of India|cuisine]]. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. [[Indian Dress|Traditional dress]] in India gréatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional [[sari]] for women and the traditional [[dhoti]] for men.


India's national sport is [[field hockey]], although [[cricket]] is now the ''de facto'' national game. In some states, particularly in the northeast, [[football (soccer)]] is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, [[tennis]] has gained popularity in India. [[Chess]] is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised [[International Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include [[kabaddi]]<ref name="rediff">{{cite web | title = India pitches for Olympic kabbadi | work = Rediff.com | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm | accessdate = April 15 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>, [[Kho Kho]] and [[gilli-danda]], which are played in most parts of the country.
India's national sport is [[field hockey]], although [[cricket]] is now the ''de facto'' national game. In some states, particularly in the northéast, [[football (soccer)]] is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, [[tennis]] has gained popularity in India. [[Chess]] is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised [[International Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include [[kabaddi]]<ref name="rediff">{{cite web | title = India pitches for Olympic kabbadi | work = Rediff.com | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm | accessdate = April 15 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822114658/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm |date=2006-08-22 }}</ref>, [[Kho Kho]] and [[gilli-danda]], which are played in most parts of the country.


India is also known as a land of festivals. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of [[Indian festivals|festivals]], many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu festivals of [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Pongal]] and [[Dussehra]] and the Muslim celebration of [[Eid]]. A number of festivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style.
India is also known as a land of féstivals. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of [[Indian festivals|festivals]], many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu féstivals of [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Pongal]] and [[Dussehra]] and the Muslim celebration of [[Eid]]. A number of féstivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style.


== Tempo ogé ==
== Tempo ogé ==
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* {{wikia|india|India}}
* {{wikia|india|India}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/India Encyclopaedia Britannica, India - Country Page]
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/India Encyclopaedia Britannica, India - Country Page]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html CIA World Factbook article on India]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html CIA World Factbook article on India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=2008-06-11 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm BBC Country Profile on India]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm BBC Country Profile on India]


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[[Kategori:Nagara di Asia|India]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Asia|India]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Kidul|India]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Kidul|India]]

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Révisi mangsa 7 Méi 2023 07.36

Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris.
Bantuanna didagoan pikeun narjamahkeun.
भारत गणराज्य
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
Républik India
Bandéra India Emblem India
Motto
"Satyameva Jayate" (Sangsakerta)
Devanāgarī: सत्यमेव जयते
(IPA: [sət̪jəmeːʋə ʤəjət̪eː])
("Truth Alone Triumphs")
Lagu
"Jana Gana Mana
listen (pitulung·info)"
/ʤənə gəɳə mənə/
Location of India
Location of India
Ibu kotaNew Delhi
28°34′N 77°12′E
Kota panggedéna Mumbai
Basa resmi Hindi, Sangsakerta, Inggris, Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Maithili, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu
Pamaréntah Républik Féderal
 -  Présidén Ram Nath Kovind
 -  Perdana Mentri Narendra Modi
Ngadeg 3300 SM
Peradaban Léngkob Indus

321 SM
Kaisar Ashoka
Kakaisaran Maurya
 
 -  Nagara-Nagara bagian 15 Agustus 1947 
 -  Republik 26 Januari 1950 
Aréa
 -  Total 3,287,590 km² (ka-7)
1,269,346 mil² 
 -  Cai (%) 9.56
Populasi
 -  Perkiraan  2016 1,324,171,354 (ka-2)
 -  Sénsus 2011 1,210,854,977 
 -  Kapadetan 394 /km² (ka-31)
1,022 /mil²
GDP (PPP) Perkiraan 2005
 -  Total $3.633 trillion (ka-4)
 -  Per kapita $3,344 (ka-122)
HDI (2003) 0.602 (sedeng) (ka-127)
Mata uang Rupee (Rs.)1 (INR)
Zona wanci IST (UTC+5:30)
 -  Usum panas (DST) teu ditalungtik (UTC+5:30)
TLD Internét .in
Kode telepon +91
1 Re. tunggal, Rs. jamak
Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo India (disambiguasi).

India(भारत), resmina Républik India, mangrupa salah sahiji nagara di Asia Kidul. India mangrupa nagara katujuh panggedéna numutkeun wewengkon géografis, kadua pangloba pangeusina, sarta nagara nu ngagem démokrasi liberal panglegana di dunya. India wawatesan jeung Pakistan, China, Bangladésh, Népal jeung Bhutan. Puseur nagarana nyaéta New Delhi. India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer[1] and borders Pakistan[2] di béh kulon; Cina, Nepal, jeung Bhutan di béh wétan kalér; sarta Bangladésh jeung Myanmar di béh wétaneunnana. Di Samudra India, India wawatesan jeung nagara kapuloan Sri Lanka, Maladéwa jeung Indonésia.
Urang India mibanda perdaban sarta budaya anu lumangsung ti taun 3300 SM, India mangrupa bagéan ti peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus kalawan mekarkeun budaya wewengkonna ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta dirojong ku barter bahan tatanén.[3] Salila mangtaun-taun, nagara ieu jadi puseur ruteu penting, puseur mekarkeun budaya sarta tempat ngadegna karajaan-karajaan anu gedé. Agama Hindu, Sikh, Buddha jeung Jainis mangrupa agama asli ti India, sedengkeun Islam jeung Kristen datang ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta ku kaayaan budaya anu geus mekar saméméh ayana invasi ti nagara asing. Sanajan lamun diitung invasi asing nepi ka 4000 taun, tapi budaya India jeung sosial kamasarakatanna teu bisa diruntagkeun, nu hadé ti nagara asing bakal dipiceun atawa bisa di serep gumantung kabudayaan bangsa India, komponén sosial masarakat angger lengkep jeung moal bisa dirobah. Kalawan turunna pamor Karajaan Mughal, sababaraha nagara Eropa kungsi nyoba nyieun puseur atawa pos paniagaan di India. Tahta Inggris, dina mangsa sababaraha abad saeutik-sautik geus nyoba pikeun ngahijikeun karajaan-karajaan di India kalawan ku maksud pikeun ngajajah India. Tapi saméméh bisa nyokot sagala rupa kauntungan ti kolonialisme, rahayat India kalawan kaayaan séké sélér anu rupa-rupa bisa ngahiji dina hiji gerakan anu kuat pikeun réformsi sosial jeung nyieun sistem pamaréntahana sorangan sarta ngulang deui kajayaan Karajaan India mangsa baheula. Hasilna, India jadi hiji nagara modérn di taun 1947. Rahayat India, satwa liar, géografisna jeung sistem iklim India mangrupa anu pangragemna saalam dunya, jeung India modérn ayeuna bisa disebut bakal jadi nagara adidaya di mangsa ka hareupna.

National symbols of the Republic of India (Official)
National animal
National bird
National tree
National flower
National heritage animal
National aquatic marine mammal
National reptile
National heritage mammal
National fruit
National temple
National river
National mountain

Étimologi

[édit | édit sumber]
  Artikel utama: Asal-usul ngaran India.

Ngaran India /'ɪndiə/ asalna tina kecap Indus, nu asalna tina basa Hindu Persia baheula, tina basa Sansekerta Sindhu, sesebutan pikeun tempat sajarah di Walungan Indus. Konstitusi India jeung pamaké umum biasa ngagunakeun Bharat, salaku ngaran resmina, ngaran India ogé diaku kalawan status nu sarua. Ngaran katiluna nyaéta, Hindustan (basa Persia: Taneuh Hindu < basa Persia Hindu Kuno, India/taneuh Indus < basa Sansekerta Sindhu, walungan Indus) geus dipaké ti abad ka 12, sanajan nu dipakéna sakapeung masih kontemporér atawa teu tangtu maké Bhatat, India, atawa Hindustan.

Sajarah

[édit | édit sumber]
  Artikel utama: Sajarah India.

Zaman batu nu dicirian ku ayana tempat dikumpulkeunana batu sarta lukisan di Bhimbetka perenahna aya di nagara bagéan Madhya Pradesh, mangrupa léngkah awal kapanggihna kahirupan manusa di India. Padumukan permanen nu munggaran di India geus aya ti 9.000 taun nu geus kaliwat. Tuluy mekar jadi Peradaban Lembah Indus, kurang leuwih 3300 SM di India Kulon. Ieu hal dituturkeun ku peradaban Veda nu ngadadasaran agama Hindu jeung aspek budaya lainna ti masarakat India awal. Kurang leuwih taun 550 SM, loba karajaan independen jeung républik dipikawanoh minangka Mahajanapadas nu diwangun di sakabéh nagara nu ka hareupna bakal ngadadasaran ayana India kuno.
Karajaan nu diwangun ku Dinasti Maurya sahandapeun Kaisar Asoka Agung ngahiji jeung karajaan paling modérén sa-Asia Kidul iwal ti Karajaan Dravida di beulah kidul. Ti taun 180 SM, aya runtuyan invasi ti Asia Tengah nu dituturkeun ku Indo Yunani, Indo-Scythia, Indo-Partia, jeung Kushan di anak benua India kalér-kulon. Abad katilu, Dinasti Gupta ngurus jeung nalingakeun hiji périodeu nu disebut India Kuno atawa Golden Age. Sedengkeun di bagéan kalér miboga daérah nu leuwih gedé, leuwih saeutik karajaanana. Di beulah kidul aya sawatara dinasti kayaning Chalukya, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Chola, Pallavas jeung Pandya kalawan daérah nu béda-béda. Pangaruh politik karajaan beulah kidul kacida rohakana, sanajan aya dina undak nu leuwih handap ti batan karajaan di beulah kalér India nu dilegaan ka daérah Asia Tenggara jeung Sri Lanka nu dipangaruhan ku budaya maranéhanana. Karajaan di beulah kidul leuwih stabil jeung bisa ngayakeun paniagaan maritim nu ngajual rempah-rempah jeung permata ka nagara Saudi Arabia, Cina, jeung Éropa ti jaman kuno. Élmu pangaweruh, téhnik, seni, sastra, matématika, astronomi, agama jeung filsafat tumuwuh mekar di handapeun kapamingpinan raja-raja ieu.

The Sanchi stupa in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC

Sanggeus invasi ti Asia Tengah, antara abad ka-10 jeung abad ka-12, loba daérah di India Kalér dikawasa ku Karajaan Délhi. Tuluy Dinasti Mughal nambahan wilayah kakawasaanana ngaliwatan sawatara anak benua India. Tapi ngan sababaraha karajaan pribumi anu tuluy mekar, utamana nu aya di beulah kidul saperti Karajaan Wijayanagara. Ti abad kagenepbelas kabéhdieunakeun, sawatara nagara Éropa kaasup Portugal, Walanda, Perancis, jeung Inggris mimiti datang salaku padagang. Maranéhanana tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina sifat fractious di antara karajaan-karajaan pikeun ngawangun koloni di ieu nagara. Taun 1856, sabagéan gedé wilayah India aya dina kakawasaan British East India Company. Sataun ti harita, pemberontakan nasional gagal nalika rék baruntak ka unit militer jeung karajaan, nu kasohor sacara lokal minangka Perang munggaran kamerdikaan India (dipikawanoh minangka Pemberontakan Sepoy), ngabalukarkeun India aya di handapeun kontrol langsung ti Karajaan Inggris minangka koloni Karajaan Inggris.

Awal abda ka-21 pajoangan nasional keur kamerdékaan diprakarsai ku Kongrés Nasional India jeung sawatara kelompok révolusioner. Ieu gerakan sabagéan gedé dipingpin ku Mahatma Gandhi jeung Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, jeung Subhash Chandra Bose miboga kalungguhan nu penting.
Jutaan protés nyampak dina rupa-rupa kampanyeu massa sipil, kalawan komitmen keur ahimsa atawa non-kekerasan. Ahirna, sanggeus kaluar Gerakan India Pembangkangan Sipil salila Perang Dunia II, jeung sajumlahing pemberontakan angkatan bersenjata sanggeus perang, India merdéka tina penjajahan Inggris dina tanggal 15 Agustus 1947. Tilu taun ti harita, dina tanggal tanggal 26 Januari 1950, India nyusun konstitusi anyar sarta robah jadi républik.
Sanggeus merdéka, loba pemberontakan di daérah-daérah. Aya sengketa wilayah jeung China nu encan anggeus, nu ngabalukarkeun ayana Perang Sino- India dina taun 1962; antara India jeung Pakistan, nu antukna nyababkeun perang dina taun 1947, 1965, 1971, jeung perang di Kargil taun 1999. India mangrupa anggota pendiri Gerakan Non-Blok jeung PBB (mangsa harita masih kénéh bagéan tina British India). Dina taun 1974, India ngayakeun uji coba nuklir bawah tanah. Hal ieu dituturkeun ku lima tes lainna dina taun 1998. Reformasi ékonomi anu signifikan dimimitian ti taun 1991 nyababkeun India jadi salah sahiji nagara anu kamekaran ekonomina pangtéréhna di dunya. Angka kamiskinan taun 1996 turun jadi 22% dina taun 2006.

 Tempo ogé: Timeline of Indian history, Military history of India, jeung Indian Independence Movement.

Pamaréntahan

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  Artikel utama: Pamaréntahan India.
National symbols of India
Flag Tiranga
Emblem Sarnath Lion
Anthem "Jana Gana Mana"
Song "Vandē Mātaram"
Animal Royal Bengal Tiger
Bird Indian Peacock
Flower Lotus
Tree Banyan
Fruit Mango
Sport Field Hockey
Calendar Saka

India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest electing population among democratic countries. The country has a federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. The President is the head of state, though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the Supreme Commander of India's armed forces. The présidént is elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-yéar terms. présidéntial assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force. The Prime Minister is the de facto head of government, and has most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the présidént, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% séats in the lower house. The Union Council of Ministers héaded by the Prime Minister aids and advises the présidént on governance matters.

The Secretariat Building in New Delhi houses the Prime Minister's Office, the ministries of Defence, External Affairs and Finance and the Home Ministry.

The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of Péople). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-yéar term. éach state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some séats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-yéar term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 yéars of age. The executive arm consists of the présidént, Vice-présidént, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) héaded by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.

India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, héaded by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen High Courts of India, and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution.[4]

Pulitik

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Citakan:Main2

For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the "Emergency" declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The Janata Dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two yéars. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-léaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-yéar term. The 2004 Indian elections saw the left-léaning Congress party winning the largest number of séats to form a government by léading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP.

Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a léad in the 1950s in advocating the independence of Européan colonies in Africa and Asia. During the Cold War, India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed at the expense of ties with the United States and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT to maintain sovereignty over its nucléar program despite criticism and military sanctions. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of South America, Asia and Africa. In recent yéars, India has played an influential role in the SAARC. India has been a long time supporter of the United Nations, with over 55,000 Indian military and police personnel having served in 35 UN péace keeping operations over four continents [5]. Since the 1990s, India has been considered a great or major power on the global stage, méaning it has considerable influence on international affairs.

Babagéan Administratif

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  Artikel utama: States and territories of India.

Administratively, India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), and seven union territories (or territories owned by the Central Government). All states and the union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry have elected governments. The remaining five union territories have centrally-appointed administrators. The states and territories are further divided into 602 districts.

See also: Districts of India, List of Indian districts

Citakan:India states

Géografi

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  Artikel utama: Géografi India.

The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the Indian subcontinent, situated on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, in southern Asia. India's northern and northéastern states are partially situated in the Himalayan Mountain Range. The rest of northern, central and éastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. In the west, bordering southéast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. The southern Indian Peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau, which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada, and Krishna. India has three archipelagos – Lakshadweep off the southwest coast, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands-volcanic island chain to the southéast, and the Sunderbans in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal.

Climate in India varies from tropical in the south to more temperate in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters. India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia. This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The Thar Desert is responsible for attracting the moisture laden southwest monsoon winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September.

 Tempo ogé: Iklim India, Ecoregions of India, jeung Geology of India.

Ékonomi

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  Artikel utama: Ékonomi India.

The economy of India is the fourth largest in the world as méasured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.63 trillion. When méasured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the twelfth largest in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank.[6] India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the first quarter of 2006. Wealth distribution in India, a developing country, is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups éarning 33% of all income.[7] India's per capita income (PPP) of US$ 3,400 [8] is ranked 122nd in the world.

For most of its independent history, India adhered to a quasi-socialist approach, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. Privatisation of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate.

India has a labour force of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstréam industry and 23% in service industries. India's agricultural produce includes rice, whéat, oilseed, cotton, jute, téa, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery.[8]

India's large English spéaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted reséarch & development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All this has helped the services sector to incréase its share of the economy to approximately 50%.

India is also a major exporter of financial, research and technology services. India's most important trading partners are the United States, China, UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates, Switzerland and Belgium.[8]

Démografis

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  Artikel utama: Démografis India.

India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion péople in 2006.[9] Language, caste and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population. Although 81.5% of the péople are Hindus, India is also home to the second-largest population of Muslims in the world (12.2%), after Indonesia. Other religious groups include Sikhs (2%), Christians (2.33%), Buddhists (0.76%), Jains (0.40%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Ahmadis, and Bahá'ís.[9] The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%). The state of Kerala léads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%.

Unlike the USA, UK, and Australian Censuses, the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.[10]

India's biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Chennai (formerly Madras), Bangalore and Hyderabad. The national sex ratio is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66. India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000.[9] The total fertility rate (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decréase in South India.

India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages.[11] Hindi and English are used by the Union Government of India for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a de jure priority. Sanskrit and Tamil enjoy classical language status in India [12]. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.[4]

Budaya

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  Artikel utama: Budaya India.
The Taj Mahal in Agra is India's most popular tourist destination.

India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and idéas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Islamic-inspired architecture have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.

Indian music is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of classical music are Carnatic from South India, and Hindustani from North India, éach of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Filmi music. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music from different parts of the country. Many classical dance forms exist, including the Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.

The éarliest literary traditions in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the Vedas and the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Sangam literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modérn Indian writers, both in Indian languages and in English. Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at léast 66 million copies daily in 2003.

The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every yéar. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "Bollywood". There are also strong cinema industries based on the Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu languages.

Varanasi , the religious and cultural center of India for thousands of yéars is the oldest living city in the world and is considered as one of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for Hindus irrespective of denomination.[13]

Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nucléar family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system.

The cuisine of India is diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and whéat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisine. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. Traditional dress in India gréatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional sari for women and the traditional dhoti for men.

India's national sport is field hockey, although cricket is now the de facto national game. In some states, particularly in the northéast, football (soccer) is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, tennis has gained popularity in India. Chess is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised grandmasters. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include kabaddi[14], Kho Kho and gilli-danda, which are played in most parts of the country.

India is also known as a land of féstivals. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of festivals, many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu féstivals of Diwali, Holi, Pongal and Dussehra and the Muslim celebration of Eid. A number of féstivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style.

Tempo ogé

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Citakan:Topics related to India Citakan:India ties

Catetan jeung rujukan

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Citakan:Spoken Wikipedia

  1. ↑ "Foreign Policy of India". Indian Embassy. Diakses tanggal March 24.  Archived 2012-09-07 di Archive.today
  2. ↑ The Government of India considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.
  3. ↑ "US Department of State Background Notes on India". US Department of State. Diakses tanggal August 19.  Archived 2012-06-18 di Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ a b Matthew, K.M. (2006). Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. pp. pg 524. ISBN 81-89004-07-7. 
  5. ↑ "India and the United Nations". Diakses tanggal April 22.  Archived 2006-05-04 di Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ ""India 12th wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"". The Hindustan Times. Diakses tanggal 2006-07-08.  Archived 2006-07-15 di Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "IN PICTURES - Middle Class, or Upper Class? " Archived 2014-07-23 di Wayback Machine. India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd.. August 2003
  8. ↑ a b c "CIA Factbook : India". CIA Factbook. Diakses tanggal August 14.  Archived 2008-06-11 di Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ a b c "Census of India 2001, Data on Religion". Census of India. Diakses tanggal August 14.  Archived 2005-05-16 di Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. <http://www.censusindia.net/ Archived 2004-06-16 di Wayback Machine>.
  11. ↑ "Languages of India". India image. Diakses tanggal August 14.  Archived 2006-11-07 di Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ "Tamil to be declared classical language" Archived 2007-09-30 di Wayback Machine. The Hindu. 17 Sept. 2004
  13. ↑ "Oldest Holy city" Archived 2006-10-29 di Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "India pitches for Olympic kabbadi". Rediff.com. Diakses tanggal April 15.  Archived 2006-08-22 di Wayback Machine

Tumbu luar

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Portal Portal Portal Portal
Ikon portal Portal India
Pék paluruh émbaran nu leuwih loba ngeunaan India ku jalan nyungsi proyék sabaraya Wikipédia
Définisi kamus ti Wiktionary
Buku téks ti Wikibooks
Cutatan ti Wikiquote
Téks sumber ti Wikisource
Gambar jeung média ti Commons
Warta ti Wikinews
Sumber pangajaran ti Wikiversity
Pamaréntahan
Séjénna

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