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    Respiration

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    Nyakie Motlalane

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Respiration

    Uploaded by

    Nyakie Motlalane
    6 views16 pages

    Original Title

    Respiration[1]

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views16 pages

    Respiration

    Uploaded by

    Nyakie Motlalane

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    RESPIRATION

    By:
    Lizzy Madane
    Mats’eliso Ralefu
    At the end of this presentation, leaners
    should be able to:
    • Define respiration
    • Explain composition of air
    • State and explain muscles of
    respiration
    • Explain cycles of respiration
    • State factors affecting respiration
    Respiration
    • Exchange of gases between body cells and the
    environment
    Exchange of gases takes place in the lungs and
    tissues.

     In the Lungs
    (external respiration)
    Exchange of gases by diffusion between the alveoli
    and the blood and the alveolar capillaries
    Process of external respiration.
    Carbon dioxide
    diffuses from the
    blood into the
    alveoli, oxygen
    therefore diffuses
    from the alveoli
    into the blood
     In the Tissues
    (internal respiration)
    Exchange of gases by diffusion between blood in the
    capillaries and the body cells

    Process

    Oxygen diffuses from the blood stream into tissues


    and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the
    extracellular fluid then to the blood stream
    Internal respiration process
    Composition of air
    Air is a mixture of gases
    • Nitrogen
    • Oxygen
    • Carbon dioxide
    • Water vapor
    • Small quantities of gases

    Inspired air % Expired air%


    Oxygen 21 16
    Carbon dioxide 0.04 4
    Nitrogen 78 78
    Water vapor variable saturated
    Muscles of respiration
     Intercostal muscles
    They are arranged into 2 layers:

     External intercostal muscles


    They extend downwards and forward from
    the lower border of the ribs above the upper
    border of the rib below
    Cont.…

     Internal intercostal muscles fibers


    They extend downwards and backwards from
    the lower border of the external intercostal
    muscle fiber.
    Diaphragm

    • A dome shaped
    muscular structure
    separating the thoracic
    and abdominal cavities
    • It consists of a central
    tendon which muscles
    fiber radiate to attach
    to the lower rib and
    sternum.
    Cont.…
    when the diaphragm contracts, its muscle
    fibers shorten and the central tendon is pulled
    downwards enlarging the thoracic cavity in
    length.

    This decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity


    and increases it in the abdominal and pelvic
    cavities.
    CYCLES OF RESPIRATION
    Average respiratory rate is 12-15 breaths per
    minute.
    Each breath consist of 3 phases:

     Inspiration(breathing in)
    Contractions of the external intercostal muscles
    and diaphragm expands the thorax as the
    perietal pleura sticks to the diaphragm and the
    ribcage, it is pulled outwards along with them.
    Cont.…

     Expiration(breathing out)
    Relaxations of the external intercostal muscles
    and the diaphragm results in downward and
    inward movement of the ribcage
    • It lasts for about 3 seconds

     Pause
    This is the space after expiration and before the
    next cycle
    Factors affecting respiration

     Elasticity
    • Ability of the lung to return to its normal
    shape after each breath.
    • Loss of elasticity can lead to forced
    expiration and increased effort on
    inspiration
     Compliance
    • Stretch ability of the lungs
    • A healthy lung is very compliant and inflates
    with little effort.
    • when the compliance is slow the effort
    needed to inflate the lungs is greater than
    normal

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