Strength of Materials by Dovann O.

Arrabis

CHAPTER 2 STRAIN

NORMAL STRAIN (ε)

Normal strain is the change in length caused by the applied load per unit
length also known as unit deformation. Strain is actually measured by
experiments, and once the strain is obtained, its relation to the stress acting
within the body can be shown by a stress – strain diagram.

L δ

Given that the cross-sectional area of the bar shown is constant, the strain
can be expressed as:

𝛅
ε=𝐋

where:

ε = strain in mm/mm
δ = deformation of the bar in millimeter
L = original length of the bar (before the load was applied) in mm

STRESS – STRAIN DIAGRAM

Suppose that a metal specimen with a constant cross-sectional area be

placed in a tension-compression machine, we can determine the stress by
dividing the applied load P by the specimen’s original cross-sectional area
“A”. This calculation assumes that the stress is constant over the cross
section and throughout the gauge length. Likewise, the strain is found
directly from the strain gauge reading, or by dividing the change in the

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specimen’s gauge length, “δ” by the specimen’s original gauge length “L”.
Here the strain is assumed to be constant throughout the region between
the gauge points. As the axial load gradually increases, the total elongation
is measured at each increment of load and it is continued until the specimen
will fail. The load and corresponding deformation data are used to calculate
various values of the stress and corresponding strain in the specimen. The
graph of these quantities with the stress along y – axis and the strain along
x – axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs
in form for various materials because they differ in properties.

Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle. A

ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point
of rapture like structural steel and aluminum, while brittle materials have a
relatively small strain up to the point of rapture like cast iron and concrete.

The figure shown below is the characteristics of the stress–strain curve as

for steel, a commonly used material for fabricating both structural members
and mechanical elements.

Stress (σ)

Ultimate stress

Rapture stress

Proportional limit
Elastic limit
Yield stress

Strain (ε)

elastic region yielding strain hardening necking

Elastic behaviour Plastic behaviour

HOOKE’S LAW
Most engineering structures are designed to undergo relatively small
deformations, involving only the straight-line portion of the corresponding

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

stress-strain diagram. For that initial portion of the diagram the stress (σ)is
directly proportional to the strain (ε).

σ = Eε

This relation is known as Hooke’s law, after Robert Hooke, an English

scientist and one of the early founders of applied mechanics. The coefficient
E is called the modulus of elasticity of the material involved, or also called
Young’s modulus, after the English scientist Thomas Young. Since the strain
is a dimensionless quantity, the modulus E is expressed in the same units as
the stress. The largest value of the stress for which Hooke’s law can be used
for a given material is known as the proportional limit of that material.

ELASTIC LIMIT

Beyond this point, if the load is removed the specimen will no longer return
back to its original shape. However, normally for steel, the elastic limit is
seldom determined, since it is very close to the proportional limit and
therefore rather difficult to detect.

YIELDING

A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in a breakdown
of the material and cause it to deform permanently without an increase in
stress. This behavior is called yielding. The stress that causes yielding is
called the yield stress or yield point, and the deformation that occurs is
called plastic deformation.

STRAIN HARDENING

When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by the

specimen, resulting in a curve that rises continuously but becomes flatter
until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress. The
rise in the curve in this manner is called strain hardening

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 Strain

NECKING

Up to the ultimate stress, as the specimen elongates, its cross-sectional area

will decrease. This decrease is fairly uniform over the specimen’s entire
gauge length, however, just after, at the ultimate stress, the cross-sectional
area will begin to decrease in a localized region of the specimen.

RAPTURE STRESS

Rapture stress is the stress of material at rapture. This is also known as

fracture or breaking stress.

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE

Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the

force is gradually increased from Origin to proportional limit. This can be
calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin up to
elastic limit. The resilience of material is the ability to absorb energy
without creating a permanent distortion.

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS

Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the

force is gradually increased from Origin to rapture point. This can be
calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from origin to rupture
point. The modulus of toughness is the ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

DEFORMATION OF MEMBER UNDER AXIAL LOADING

1. Constant cross-sectional area

L δ

𝛔𝐋 𝐏𝐋
δ= or δ = 𝐀𝐄
𝐄

If the bar is subjected to several different axial forces along its length, or the
cross-sectional area or modulus of elasticity changes abruptly from one
region of the bar to the next, then the relative displacement can be
expressed as:

PL
δ= AE

where:

δ = axial deformation (mm)

P = load/force applied (Newton)
L = original length of the bar (before the load was applied) in mm
E = modulus of elasticity or young’s modulus (MPa)
A = cross-sectional area (mm2)

2. Varying cross-sectional Area

dx 𝑷 𝑳 𝒅𝒙
P
δ=𝑬 𝟎 𝑨
x

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 Strain

where:

δ = axial deformation (mm)

P = load/force applied (Newton)
L = original length of the bar (before the load was applied) in mm
E = modulus of elasticity or young’s modulus (MPa)
A = cross-sectional area (mm2) at distance x

3. Rod with constant cross-sectional area suspended vertically from

one end.

δ = 𝜹𝟏 + 𝜹𝟐
L/2

L
𝑷𝑳
𝜹𝟏 = 𝑨𝑬
W

δ 𝑾𝑳
𝜹𝟐 = 𝟐𝑨𝑬
P

where:

δ = total axial deformation (mm)

P = load/force applied (Newton)
L = original length of the bar (before the load was applied) in mm
E = modulus of elasticity or young’s modulus (MPa)
A = cross-sectional area (mm2)
= axial deformation due to load P
= axial deformation due its own weight

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

STIFFNESS (k)

Stiffness is the ratio of steady force acting on elastic body to the resulting
displacement.
𝐏
k=𝛅

EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the deformation of the steel rod under the given loads
(E=200,000MPa).
2 2
A = 580 mm A =190 mm
A B C
50 KN 20 KN D
40 KN

500 mm 500 mm 800 mm

SOLUTION:
The relative deformation of the steel rod is the algebraic sum of the
deformations of each segment.

Free body diagrams

40 KN
PCD

20 KN 40 KN
PBC

PAB 50 KN 20 KN 40 KN

 PL   PL   PL   PL 
δT =   AE  =  AE  +  + 
AB  AE BC  AE CD

PAB 500 PBC 500  PCD  800 

δT = + +
580  200,000  580 200,000  190 200,000 

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Solving for internal force of each segment

F = 0 H

PCD = 40 KN (tension)
PBC + 20KN = 40 KN, PBC = 20 KN (tension)
PAB + 20KN = 50KN + 40 KN, PAB = 70 KN (tension)

δT =
70,000500 + 20,000500 +  40,000800 = 1.23mm  answer
580 200,000 580 200,000 190 200,000

EXAMPLE 2:
A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and density ρ is suspended
vertically from one end. Show that its total elongation is δ = ρgL 2/2E.
SOLUTION:

WL
δ=
2AE
W = mg
m = ρV = ρAL L/2
W = ρALg
L
ρALgL
δ=
2AE
Stress free
ρgL2 W
δ=
2E
δ

EXAMPLE 3:
During a stress-strain test, the unit deformation at stress of 65 MPa was
observed to be 0.00016 mm/mm and at a stress of 153 MPa was 0.0006
mm/mm respectively.
1. Determine the modulus of elasticity
2. Which of the following gives the strain corresponding to a stress of 120
MPa.?
3. Which of the following gives the corresponding length of a member if it
elongates 300 mm?

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

SOLUTION:
The modulus of elasticity is the slope of stress-strain curve.
Δς
E=
Δε
Let : 65 MPa = ς1
0.00016 mm/mm = ε1
153 MPa = ς2
0.0006 mm/mm = ε2
Δς ς2 - ς1 153 MPa - 65 MPa
E=  
Δε ε2 - ε1 0.0006 - 0.00016
E = 200,000 MPa  answer (part 1)

Let : 100 MPa = ς3

ε3 = ?
Δς ς3 - ς1
E= 
Δε ε3 - ε1
120 MPa - 65 MPa
200,000MPa =
ε3 - 0.00016
ε3 = 0.000435 mm/mm  answer (part 2)

for δ = 300 mm, L = ?

L
δ=ς
E
L
300mm = 120MPa
200,000 MPa
L = 500,000 mm = 500 m  answer (part 3)

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EXAMPLE 4:
A steel rod having a constant cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length
of 180 m is suspended vertically from one end. It supports a load of 20 KN
at the lower end. If the density of steel is 7880 kg/m3 and E = 200,000 MPa,
determine the total elongation of the rod.

SOLUTION:
Total elongation of the rod
δtotal = δload + δ weight

WL
δweight =
2AE
W = mg L/2 = 90 m

m = ρV = ρAL
W = ρALg L = 180 m
kg  
2
  1m   m
W =  7880 3   300 mm2× 
   180m   9.81 2  W
 m   1000mm    s 
W = 4,174.35 N

δweight =
 4,174.35 N 180,000 mm  = 6.26mm δ
2 300 mm2  200,000 MPa 
P=20 KN
δload =
PL
=
20,000 N 180,000 mm  = 60mm
AE 300 mm2   200,000 MPa 

δtotal = δload + δweight = 60 mm + 6.26 mm

δ total = 66.26 mm  answer

EXAMPLE 5:
A homogeneous bar with a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2 is attached to
rigid supports. It carries the axial loads as shown in the figure.

A B C D
50 KN 100 KN

600 mm 1000 mm 800 mm

1. Compute the stress in segment AB.

2. Compute the stress in segment BC.
3. Compute the stress in segment CD.
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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

SOLUTION:
The bar is attached to rigid supports, thus, the relative deformation is zero
 δ = 0 
A B C D
RA 50 KN 100 KN RD

Free body diagrams

PABA Internal force in each segment

50 KN 100 KN RD For segment AB
PAB + 50KN + 100KN = RD
PAB = RD – 150,000 N(C)
A
PBC 50 KN 100 KN RD For segment BC
PBC + 100KN = RD
PBC = RD – 100,000 N (C)
A
50 KNPCD RD For segment CD
PCD = RD (compression)

δ = 0
 PL   PL   PL 
  +  +  =0
 AE  AB  AE BC  AE CD
AE is constant, thus,
 PL AB +  PL BC +  PL CD = 0  AE
-  R D -150,000 600 + -  R D -100,0001000   +  -R D  800  =0
R D = 79,166.67N
PAB = 79,166.67 - 150,000= -70,833.33 N=70,833.33 N (tension)
PBC = 79,166.67 - 100,000= -20,833.33 N = 20,833.33 N (tension)
PCD = 79,166.67 N (compression)

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 Strain

Stress in segment AB
PAB 70,833.33 N
ς AB = =
A AB 600 mm2
σ AB = 118.06 MPa (tension)  answer(part 1)
Stress in segment BC
PBC 20,833.33 N
ςBC = =
A BC 600 mm2
σ BC = 34.72 MPa (tension)  answer(part 2)
Stress in segment CD
PCD 79,166.67 N
ςCD = =
ACD 600 mm2
σCD = 131.94 MPa (compression)  answer(part 3)

EXAMPLE 6:
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is made of
aluminum (E= 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2; link CD is
made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. For
the 50 KN force shown,

1. Determine the deflection at D.

2. Determine the deflection at B.
3. Determine the deflection at E.

0.2 m C
A

50 KN
0.6 m

B D E

0.4 m 0.8 m

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

SOLUTION:
Considering the free body diagram

Internal force in segment AB PAB PCD

 MD = 0
50 KN  0.8m  =PAB  0.4m 
50 KN
PAB = 100 KN (compression)
M B =0
D E
B
50 KN 1.2m  =PAB  0.4m 
PAB = 150 KN (tension) 0.8 m
0.4 m

Deflection at D
 PL 
D  CD   
 AE CD

D 
150,000 800
600  200,000 
δD = 1 mm  answer(part 1) δB
δD
Deflection at B δE
 PL 
B   AB   
 AE  AB

D 
100,000600 0.4 m 0.8 m
500 70,000
δB = 1.714 mm  answer(part 2)

Deflection at E
δB + δD δB + δE
=
0.4 m 1.2 m
1.714+ 1 1.714+ δE
=
0.4 m 1.2 m
δE = 6.416 mm  answer(part 3)

EXAMPLE 6:
The vertical load P = 200 KN is applied at the center of the upper section of
a homogeneous frustum of a circular cone of height 5 meters, minimum
radius of 1.5 meters, and maximum radius of 2.5 meters. The modulus of
elasticity of the material is 200 GPa and neglecting the effect of its weight,
determine the deflection of point A.

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 Strain

200 KN

200 KN 1.5 m
SOLUTION:
δ

dy
5m
x y

2.5 m
y

5 5 1.5
Pdy P dy
δ=
0

AE
= 
E 0 πx2
Express "x" in terms of "y" 5-y
x -1.5
by ratio and proportion x

5 5-y 5-y y
=  x= +1.5
1 x-1.5 5
5 1
200KN dy 2.5
δ=
KN  2
200,000,000 2 0 π  5 - y + 1.5 
m  
 5 

  0.0000004244m
  0.0004244mm  answer

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STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

There are many problems, in which the internal forces cannot be
determined from statics alone. Most of these problems, the reactions
themselves cannot be determined by using equilibrium equations. In this
case, the equilibrium equations must be complemented by relations
involving deformations obtained by considering the geometry of the
problem. Because statics is not sufficient to determine either the reactions
or the internal forces, problems of this type are said to be statically
indeterminate.

EXAMPLE 1:
The steel rod shown in the figure has a diameter of 15 mm. It is fixed to the
wall at A, and before it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2 mm between the wall
at B and the rod. Determine the reactions at A and B if the rod is subjected
to an axial force of P = 45 KN as shown. Take E= 200 GPa.

A C B

45 KN

1.0 m 0.80 m

SOLUTION:

RA 45 KN RB

A C B

RA
PAC
A

RA 45 KN RB
PBC
A C B

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

From the free body diagrams shown

PAC  R A
PBC  R A  45,000
PBC  45,000  R A

Compatibility equation
Note: use (-) sign for compressive force and (+) sign for tensile force
   0.2 mm
AC  BC  0.2
 PL   PL 
      0.2
  AC  AE  BC
AE

Since PAC is assumed to be tensile force and PBC is compressive force, then,
 R A (1000)   (45,000  R A )(800) 
    0.2
 (7.5) (200,000)   (7.5) (200,000) 
2 2

R A  23,926.99 N  answer

Solving for RB
 Fh  0
R A  R B  45,000
23,926.99  R B  45,000
R B  21,073.01 N  answer

EXAMPLE 2:
An axial force of 200 KN is applied to the assembly shown by means of rigid
end plates.
30 mm
Brass core
E = 105 GPa

350 mm Aluminum shell

E = 75 GPa

70 mm

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1. Determine the normal stress in the aluminum shell.

2. Determine the corresponding deformation of the assembly.

SOLUTION:
Considering the FBD shown
 Fv  0
Pbr  Pal  200,000 N  equation 1
200,000 N
Compatibility equation
δbr=δal Aluminum
br  al
 PL   PL 
    Brass
 AE  br  AE  al
Lbr=Lal
 P   P  Pbr
   
  br  AE  al
AE
Pbr Pal Pal

(15 )(105,000)
2
(35  152 )(75,000)
2

Pbr  0.315Pal  equation 2

Equate equation 1 and 2

Pbr  47,908.75 N, Pal  152,091.25 N

Normal stress in the aluminum shell

Pal 152,091.25
al  
Aal (352  152 )
σal = 48.41 MPa  answer(part 1)

Deformation of the assembly

PL PL 152, 091.25(350)
  
AE al AE br (352  152 )(75, 000)
= 0.226 mm  answer(part 2)

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EXAMPLE 3:
A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as
shown in the figure. Each copper rod has area of 800 mm 2; E = 120 GPa; and
allowable stress is 70 MPa. The steel rod has area of 1000 mm2; E = 200
GPa; and the allowable stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest mass M
which can be supported.

copper Steel copper

150 mm 200 mm 150 mm

SOLUTION:
From the FBD shown δco=δst

 Fv  0 copper Steel copper

2Pco  Pst  W 150 mm 200 mm 150 mm
2co Aco  st Ast  W
2(800)co  1000st  W  equation 1

Compatibility equation
co  st
coLco st Lst

Eco Est W
co(150) st (200)

120, 000 200, 000

co  0.8st
when steel reaches to its allowable stress, Pco Pco
Pst
st  st( Allowable )  140 MPa
co  0.8(140)  112 MPa > σco(Allowable)

when copper reaches to its allowable stress, co  co( Allowable )  70 MPa
70  0.8( st )

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 Strain

st =87.5 MPa < σst(Allowable), (OK)

Substitute σst = 87.5 MPa and σco = 70 MPa to equation 1

2(800)co  1000st  W
2(800)(70)  1000(87.5)  W
W  199,500 N

Solving for mass, M

W 199,500
M 
g 9.81
M = 20,336.39 kg  answer

EXAMPLE 4:
The assembly if the figure shown consists of rigid bar AB, pinned at O that is
attached to the steel and aluminum rods. In the position shown, bar AB is
horizontal and there is gap, Δ = 5mm, between the lower end of the steel
rod and its pin support at C. Compute the stress in the steel rod when the
lower end of the steel rod is attached to its support.

1.0 m O 2.0 m
A B
Steel Aluminum
2
A = 400 mm A = 300 mm
2

E = 200 GPa E = 75 GPa

L=2m
5 mm
D
C

SOLUTION:

A 1.0 m O δB =δal
δA
B
2.0 m

1995 +δst

C D

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From the free body diagram shown

M O
0
Pst (1)  Pal (2)
st Ast  2al Aal
400st  2(300)al
1.0 m O 2.0 m
2 A B
al  st  equation 1
3

Compatibility equation Pst Pal

(1995  st )  A  2000
st  A  5
st Lst
 A  5  equation 2
Est
A 
 B
1 2
A  0.5B  0.5al  equation 3

Substitute equation 3 to equation 2

st Lst
 0.5al  5
Est
st Lst alLal
 0.5 5
Est Eal
st (1995) al (2000)
 0.5  5  equation 4
200,000 75,000

Substitute equation 1 to equation 4

2
st (1995) st (2000)
 0.5 3 5
200,000 75,000
st = 265.06 MPa  answer

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

THERMAL STRESS
Temperature changes cause a body to change its dimensions. An increase of
temperature will make the body to expand, whereas if the temperature
decreases, it will contract. If the material is homogeneous and isotropic, it
has been found from experiment that the displacement of a member having
a length L, can be calculated using the formula:

𝛅𝐓 = α L ΔT

where:
α = the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C
L = the initial length of member in meter
ΔT = change in temperature
δT = the algebraic change in the length of the member

In case that the temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal

stress can be created. This stress is termed as thermal stress. An example
for this case is when a homogeneous member mounted between rigid
supports as shown,

-Δσ= α E ΔT
L
δ

where:
Δσ = change in axial stress in MPa
E = modulus of elasticity of the member
ΔT = change in temperature
α = the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C

EXAMPLE 1
The A-36 steel bar is constrained to just fit between two fixed supports
when T1= 15.56°C. If the temperature is raised to T2= 48.89°C, determine
the average normal thermal stress developed in the bar if its cross-sectional
area and length are 160 mm2 and 610 mm. Use α = 11.7 x 10-6 m/m°C

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SOLUTION:
Δς = αEΔT
  
 ςf - ςi = αE Tf - Ti 
  
 ςf - ςi = αE T2 - T1 
i  0 since the bar is just constrained between
two fixed supprt(the bar is stress free) at T = T1
   
- f  0  11.7  106 200,000 48.89  15.56 
ςf =  78 MPa
f = 78 MPa (compression)  answer
Note: In this type of problem, when temperature rises, the normal stress in
the bar due to temperature is compressive, while when temperature
decreases, the normal stress in the bar due to temperature is tensile.

EXAMPLE 2
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 200 mm2 is stretched between two
fixed points. The tensile load at 20°C is 6000 N.
1. What will be the stress at -20°C?
2. At what temperature will be the stress be zero?

SOLUTION:
Δς = αEΔT
  
 ςf - ςi = αE Tf - Ti 
At initial temperature Ti , the bar is subjected to
initial normal stress i  (6000/200)=30MPa
 
 ςf  30) = αE Tf - Ti  
For Steel: E = 200,000 MPa,  = 11.6  106 m/mC
  
 f  30  11.6  106 200,000 20  20  
f  122.8 MPa
f = 122.8 MPa (tension)  answer(part 1)

Δς = αEΔT
(f  i )  αE(Tf  Ti )
  
 0  30)  11.6  106 200,000 Tf  20  
Tf = 32.93C  answer(part 2)

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

POISSON’S RATIO
When an axial load P is applied to a homogeneous, slender bar as shown in
the figure, it causes a strain, not only along the axis of the bar but in any
transverse direction. This strain is referred to as the lateral strain, and the
ratio of the lateral strain over the axial strain is called Poisson’s ratio.

z
P P

𝛆𝐳 𝛆
ν= - = - 𝛆𝐲
𝛆𝐱 𝐱

Where:
εx =strain along x direction
εz =strain along z direction
εy = strain along y direction
ν = poisson’s ratio ( always positive in sign)

MULTIAXIAL DEFORMATION
If an element is subjected by multiaxial loading, the resulting strain
condition was described by the following relations, referred to as the
generalized Hooke’s law for a multiaxial loading.

𝟏
𝛆𝐱 = 𝐄 𝛔𝐱 − 𝛎(𝛔𝐲 + 𝛔𝐳 )

𝟏
𝛆𝐲 = 𝛔𝐲 − 𝛎(𝛔𝐱 + 𝛔𝐳 )
𝐄

𝛆𝐳 = 𝟏𝐄 𝛔𝐳 − 𝛎(𝛔𝐱 + 𝛔𝐲 )

147
 Strain

Where:
εx =strain along x direction
εz = strain along z direction
εy = strain along y direction
ν =poisson’s ratio
σx = normal stress in x direction
σy = normal stress in y direction
σz = normal stress in z direction
E = modulus of elasticity

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E, G AND v

The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G and
Poisson’s ratio v is:

𝐄
G=
𝟐(𝟏+𝛎)

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY or MODULUS VOLUME EXPANSION, K

The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance of a material to
change in volume without change in shape or form.

𝐄
K=
𝟑(𝟏−𝟐𝛎)

Where V is the volume and ΔV is change in volume. The ratio ΔV/V is called
volumetric strain can be expressed as

𝚫𝐕 𝛔 𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝛎)𝛔
= =
𝐕 𝐊 𝐄

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

EXAMPLE 1
A rectangular steel block is 3 inches long in the x direction, 2 inches long in
the y direction, and 4 inches long in the z direction, the block is subjected to
a triaxial loading of three uniformly distributed forces as follows: 48 kips
tension in the x direction, 60 kips compression in the y direction, and 54
kips tension in the z direction. If v =0.30 and E =29x10 6 psi, determine the
single uniformly distributed load in the x direction that would produce the
same deformation in the y direction as the original loading.

SOLUTION:
y Fy = 60 kips
z

x 3 in Fx = 48 kips

2 in

Fz = 54 kips

Solving for the axial stress in three directions

Fx 48,000
x    6,000 psi (tension)
A yz 42
Fy 60,000
y    5,000 psi (compression)
A xz 4 3
Fz 54,000
z    9,000 psi (tension)
A xy 23
Solving for the strain in y direction
y 
1

   x  z  
E y
1

5,000  0.30 6000  9000 
 29  106   
y  0.0003276 mm/mm
Solving for the single uniformly distributed load in x direction (σy =
0, σz = 0) given that εy = -0.0003276 mm/mm
y 
1
 
   x  z   0.0003276
E y 
1
 
0  0.3   0   0.0003276
29  106 
x 
x  31,668 psi(tension)  answer

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 Strain

EXAMPLE 2
A 2 in. diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of 0.05 inch just fits in a
rigid hole. Find the tangential stress if an axial compressive load of 3140 lb
is applied. Assume ν=0.30 and neglect the possibility of buckling.

SOLUTION:
y
3140 lb
x

0.05 in

3140 lb
2 in

Solving for σy
3,140 lb
y 

(D 2  Di2 )
4 o
Di  Do  2(0.05)  2  2(0.05)  1.9 in

3,140 lb
y   10,251.21 psi(compression)
 2
(2  1.92 )in2
4
Solving for the tangential stress, σx
x 
1
E  x
 
    y 

 x  0, since the tube is prevented in deforming along x direction

1
0= x  0.3( 10,251.21)
E
x  3,075.37 psi
σ x = 3,075.36 psi (compression)  answer

150