Lesson 3a Properties of Materials March 21 2024

BSECE 1-1
Subject: ENSC 027

(Materials Science & Engineering)
Lesson 3a:
Properties of Engineering Materials
March 21, 2024
10:30 am – 12:00nn
12:30 pm – 2:00pm
Room 303
Review / Recap
Materials Science and Engineering
Mechanical Properties of Metals
1. Strength
2. Stiffness
3. Elasticity
4. Plasticity
5. Ductility
6. Brittleness
7. Malleability
8. Toughness
9. Machinability
10. Resilience
11. Creep
12. Fatigue
13. Hardness
Strength/Stiffness/Elasticity/Plasticity:
1. Define stress and strain

2. Stress-strain diagram
3. State Hooke’s law
4. Define Poisson’s ratio
5. Toughness and hardness
• Strength
Ability to withstand an applied load without
failure or plastic deformation.
• Stiffness
Ability to return to its original form after being
subjected to a force.
• Elasticity
The tendency of solid objects and materials to
return to their original shape after the external
forces (load) causing a deformation are removed.
An object is elastic when it comes back to its
original size and shape when the load is no longer
present.
• Plasticity
Ability of a solid material to undergo permanent
deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in
response to applied forces.
Definition of Terms:
• Stress - Force or load per unit area of cross-
section over which the force or load is acting.
• Strain - Elongation change in dimension per unit
length.
• Young’s modulus - The slope of the linear part
of the stress-strain curve in the elastic region,
same as modulus of elasticity.
• Shear modulus (G) - The slope of the linear
part of the shear stress-shear strain curve.
Simple Stress
• Is the strength of a material per unit area. It is
also called the unit strength.
Stress-Strain Diagram:
2.2 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
• From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line.
• This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first
noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within
the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or:
The constant of proportionality k is

called the Modulus of Elasticity E
or
Young’s Modulus and is equal to
the slope of the stress-strain diagram
from O to P. Then:
Elastic Limit
Is the limit beyond which the
material will no longer go back to
its original shape when the load is
removed, or it is the maximum
stress that may developed such
that there is no permanent or
residual deformation when the
load is entirely removed.
Elastic and Plastic Ranges

The region in stress-strain
diagram from O to P is called the
elastic range. The region from P
to R is called the plastic range.
Yield Point
The point at which the material
will have an appreciable elongation
or yielding without any increase in
load.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the
stress-strain diagram is the
ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of
the material at rupture. This is
also known as the breaking
strength.
Three Types of Simple Stress
1. Normal Stress
The applied force is perpendicular to the resisting area
2. Shear Stress
The applied force is parallel to the resisting area.
3. Bearing Stress
It is the contact pressure between separate bodies.
Normal Stress
• Formula: σ = P / A
• Where: P is the applied normal load

A is the area in mm2.
• Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress.

Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under
tensile stress, while compression members (members subject
to compressive force) are under compressive stress.
Normal Stress
Sample Problem 1: A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is
limited to 120 MN/m2 .
Given:
P = 400kn
Di = 100mm
σ = 120 MN/m2
Req’d: Outside Diameter, D
Formula: σ = P / A
Solution: From σ = P / A
Simple Strain: (ε)
- unit deformation, ε
- is the ratio of the change in length caused by
the applied force, to the original length.
where δ is the deformation (or change in length) and L

is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless (unitless).
2.2 Axial Deformation: (δ)
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is
proportional to strain and is given by:
2.2 Axial Deformation: (δ)
Note:
Load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-
sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the
proportional limit.
Axial Deformation
Sample Problem 1:
A steel rod having a cross-sectional
area of 300 mm2 and a length of
150 m is suspended vertically from
one end. It supports a tensile load
of 20 kN at the lower end. If the
unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3
and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find
he total elongation of the rod.
Axial Deformation
Given:
Cross-sectional area = 300 mm2
Length = 150 m
Tensile load at the lower end = 20 kN
Unit mass of steel = 7850 kg/m3
E = 200 × 103 MN/m2
Required:
Total elongation of the rod
Axial Deformation
Solution:
Elongation due to its own weight (δ1):
δ1 = PL
Where: AE
P = W = 7850(1/1000)3(9.81)[300(150)(1000)]
P = 3,465.3825 N
L = 75(1000) = 75,000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200,000 MPa
δ1 = PL = 4.33 mm
AE
Axial Deformation
Solution (cont’d):
Elongation due to applied load (δ2):
δ2 = PL
Where: AE
P = 20 kN = 20,000 N
L = 150 m = 150,000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200,000 MPa
δ2 = (20,000)(150,000) = 50 mm
300(200,000)
So, Total elongation, (δT)
δT = δ1 + δ2 = 4.33 + 50 = 54.33 mm answer
Take Aways and Assignment:
1. Relax and Enjoy Studying
2. Don’t hesitate to ask questions
3. Read/Solve Assignment Problems
4. Advanced Reading for next Topic
5. Ingatz……
6. Pray…….
7. That’s all for today class, God bless and see
you next meeting…

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BSECE 1-1

Subject: ENSC 027

1. Define stress and strain

The constant of proportionality k is

Elastic and Plastic Ranges

• Where: P is the applied normal load

• Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress.

Req’d: Outside Diameter, D

where δ is the deformation (or change in length) and L

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