Simple Strain

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (EE310)
Strain
Simple Strain
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to the
original length.
where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.
Stress-Strain Diagram
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. As the axial load is gradually
increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load
and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and
length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with
the stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-
strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon
structural steel.
Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile material is one having
relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle
materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain
of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line betwee n these two classes.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear
relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the
slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then
ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the load
is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is no permanent or residual
deformation when the load is entirely removed.
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region from P to R is called the
plastic range.
YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase
in load.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to
P, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the
elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy
without creating a permanent distortion.
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O
to R, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The
toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break.
WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The maximum safe stress
that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values not
exceeding the proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the
allowable tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The ratio of
this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of safety.
AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram , the tress is proportional to strain and is given by
since σ = P / A and εe = δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross‐sectional area, and the stress must not
exceed the proportional limit. If, however, the cross‐sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be
determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.
If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a
differential length and applying integration.
where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.
For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own weight is
where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is the cross-
sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2
STIFFNESS, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It has the unit
of N/mm.
k = P / δ
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A string 4 mm in diameter has original length 2 m. The string is pulled by a force of 200 N. If the
final length of the spring is 2.02 m, determine : (a) stress (b) strain (c) Young’s modulus
Known :
Diameter (d) = 4 mm = 0.004 m
Radius (r) = 2 mm = 0.002 m
Area (A) = π r2 = (3.14)(0.002 m)2
Area (A) = 0.00001256 m2 = 12.56 x 10-6 m2
Force (F) = 200 N
Original length of spring (l0) = 2 m
The change in length (Δl) = 2.02 – 2 = 0.02 m
Wanted : (a) The stress (b) The strain c) Young’s modulus
Solution :
(a) The stress
(b) The Strain
(c) Young’s modulus
2. A concrete has a height of 5 meters and has unit area of 3 m3 supports a mass of 30,000 kg.
Determine (a) The stress (b) The strain (c) The change in height. Acceleration (g) = 10 m/s2.
Young’s modulus of concrete = 20 x 109 N/m2
Known:
Young’s modulus of concrete = 20 x 109 N/m2
Initial height (l0) = 5 meters
Unit area (A) = 3 m2
Weight (w) = m g = (30,000)(10) = 300,000 N
Wanted : (a) The stress (b) The strain (c) The change in height!
Solution :
(a) The stress
(b) The Strain
(c) The change in height

SEATWORK
1. A steel rod having a cross‐sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one
end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 ×
103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.
2. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire,
determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.
3. A stepped bar, as shown in Figure , is acted upon by different forces. If P1 = 80 kN, P2 = 60 kN,
P3 = 40 kN and Young’s modulus of the material is 200 GPa, find out the net change in length.
4. A compound bar 1 m long is 40 mm diameternfor 300 mm length, 30 mm diameter fornthe next 350 mm
length. Determine the diameter length so that its elongation under an axial load of 100 kN does not exceed 1 mm.
Take E = 2 x 10^5 N/mm^2.

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (EE310)

where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.

(b) The Strain

(c) Young’s modulus

(b) The Strain

(c) The change in height

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