class 02 Expr-Assign
class 02 Expr-Assign
class 02 Expr-Assign
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Expressions
Variables and constants linked with operators
Arithmetic expressions
Uses arithmetic operators
Can evaluate to any value
Logical expressions
Uses relational and logical operators
Evaluates to 1 or 0 (true or false) only
Assignment expression
Uses assignment operators
Evaluates to value depending on assignment
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Arithmetic Operators
Binary operators
Addition: +
Subtraction: – Examples
Division: /
2*3 + 5 – 10/3
Multiplication: * –1 + 3*25/5 – 7
Modulus: % distance / time
Unary operators 3.14* radius * radius
a * x * x + b*x + c
Plus:+
dividend / divisor
Minus: – 37 % 10
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Contd.
Suppose x and y are two integer variables,
whose values are 13 and 5 respectively
x+y 18
x–y 8
x*y 65
x/y 2
x%y 3
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All operators except % can be used with
operands of all of the data types int, float,
double, char (yes! char also! We will see
what it means later)
% can be used only with integer operands
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Operator Precedence
In decreasing order of priority
1. Parentheses :: ( )
2. Unary minus :: –5
3. Multiplication, Division, and Modulus
4. Addition and Subtraction
For operators of the same priority, evaluation is
from left to right as they appear
Parenthesis may be used to change the
precedence of operator evaluation
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Examples:
Arithmetic expressions
a+b*c–d/e a + (b * c) – (d / e)
a*–b+d%e–f a * (– b) + (d % e) – f
a–b+c+d (((a – b) + c) + d)
x*y*z ((x * y) * z)
a+b+c*d*e (a + b) + ((c * d) * e)
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Type of Value of an Arithmetic
Expression
If all operands of an operator are integer
(int variables or integer constants), the
value is always integer
Example: 9/5 will be 1, not 1.8
Example:
int a=9, b=5;
printf(“%d”, a/b)
will print 1 and not 1.8
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If at least one operand is real, the value is real
Caution: Since floating-point values are rounded to
the number of significant digits permissible, the final
value is an approximation of the final result
Example: 1/ 3.0 * 3.0 may have the value 0.99999
and not 1.0
So checking if 1/ 3.0 * 3.0 is equal to 1.0 may
return false!!
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The type of the final value of the
expression can be found by applying these
rules again and again as the expression is
evaluated following operator precedence
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We have a problem!!
int a=10, b=4, c;
float x;
c = a / b;
x = a / b;
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Example
Consider a= b = c = 5
Three assignment operators
Rightmost assignment expression is c=5, evaluates
to value 5
Now you have a = b = 5
Rightmost assignment expression is b=5, evaluates
to value 5
Now you have a = 5
Evaluates to value 5
So all three variables store 5, the final value the
assignment expression evaluates to is 5
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Types of l-value and r-value
Usually should be the same
If not, the type of the r-value will be internally
converted to the type of the l-value, and then
assigned to it
Example:
double a;
a = 2*3;
Type of r-value is int and the value is 6
Type of l-value is double, so stores 6.0
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This can cause strange problems
int a;
a = 2*3.2;
Type of r-value is float/double and the value is
6.4
Type of l-value is int, so internally converted to 6
So a stores 6, not the correct result
But an int cannot store fractional part anyway
So just badly written program
Be careful about the types on both sides
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More Assignment Operators
+=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Operators for special type of assignments
a += b is the same as a = a + b
Same for -=, *=, /=, and %=
Exact same rules apply for multiple
assignment operators
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Contd.
Suppose x and y are two integer variables,
whose values are 5 and 10 respectively.
x += y Stores 15 in x
Evaluates to 15
x –= y Stores -5 in x
Evaluates to -5
x *= y Stores 50 in x
Evaluates to 50
x /= y Stores 0 in x
Evaluates to 0
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Logical Expressions
Uses relational and logical operators in
addition
Informally, specifies a condition which can
be true or false
Evaluates to value 0 or 1
0 implies the condition is false
1 implies the condition is true
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Logical Expressions
(count <= 100)
((math+phys+chem)/3 >= 60)
((sex == ’M’) && (age >= 21))
((marks >= 80) && (marks < 90))
((balance > 5000) | | (no_of_trans > 25))
(! (grade == ’A’))
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Relational Operators
Used to compare two quantities.
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Examples
10 > 20 is false, so value is 0
25 < 35.5 is true, so value is 1
12 > (7 + 5) is false, so value is 0
32 != 21 is true, so value is 1
When arithmetic expressions are used on either
side of a relational operator, the arithmetic
expressions will be evaluated first and then the
results compared
a + b > c – d is the same as (a + b) > (c – d)
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Logical Operators
Logical AND (&&)
Evalutes to true if both the operands are non-
zero
Logical OR (||)
Result is true if at least one of the operands is
non-zero
X Y X && Y X || Y
0 0 false false
0 non-0 false true
non-0 0 false true
non-0 non-0 true true
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Contd
Unary negation operator (!)
Single operand
Value is 0 if operand is non-zero
Value is 1 if operand is 0
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Example
(4 > 3) && (100 != 200)
4 > 3 is true, so value 1
100 != 200 is true so value 1
Both operands 1 for &&, so final value 1
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Example: Use of Logical Expressions
void main () {
int i, j;
scanf(“%d%d”,&i,&j);
printf (“%d AND %d = %d, %d OR %d=%d\n”,
i,j,i&&j, i,j, i||j) ;
}
3 AND 0 = 0, 3 OR 0 = 1
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A Special Operator: AddressOf (&)
Remember that each variable is stored at a
location with an unique address
Putting & before a variable name gives the
address of the variable (where it is stored, not
the value)
Can be put before any variable (with no blank in
between)
int a =10;
printf(“Value of a is %d, and address of a is
%d\n”, a, &a);
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More on Arithmetic Expressions
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Recall the earlier problem
int a=10, b=4, c;
float x;
c = a / b;
x = a / b;
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Solution: Typecasting
Changing the type of a variable during its use
General form
(type_name) variable_name
Example
x = ((float) a)/ b;
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Example: Finding Average of 2
Integers int a, b;
float avg;
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
avg = ((float) (a + b))/2;
Wrong program
printf(“%f\n”, avg);
int a, b;
float avg; Correct programs
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
avg = (a + b)/2; int a, b;
printf(“%f\n”, avg); float avg;
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
average-1.c avg = (a + b)/2.0;
printf(“%f\n”, avg);
average-2.c 34
More Operators: Increment (++)
and Decrement (--)
Both of these are unary operators; they
operate on a single operand
The increment operator causes its operand
to be increased by 1
Example: a++, ++count
The decrement operator causes its operand
to be decreased by 1.
Example: i--, --distance
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Pre-increment versus post-
increment
Operator written before the operand (++i, --i))
Called pre-increment operator (also sometimes
called prefix ++ and prefix --)
Operand will be altered in value before it is utilized
in the program
Operator written after the operand (i++, i--)
Called post-increment operator (also sometimes
called postfix ++ and postfix --)
Operand will be altered in value after it is utilized in
the program
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Examples
Initial values :: a = 10; b = 20;
x = 50 + ++a; a = 11, x = 61
x = 50 + a++; x = 60, a = 11
x = a++ + --b; b = 19, x = 29, a = 11
x = a++ – ++a; ??
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Operator Class Operators Associativity
Unary postfix++, -- Left to Right
prefix ++, --
Unary Right to Left
─ ! &
Precedence Binary * / % Left to Right
among different Binary + ─ Left to Right
operators (there
are many other Binary < <= > >= Left to Right
operators in C,
some of which we Binary == != Left to Right
will see later)
Binary && Left to Right
Binary || Left to Right
= += ─ =
Assignment Right to Left
*= /= %=
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Statements in a C program
Parts of C program that tell the computer what to do
Different types
Declaration statements
Declares variables etc.
Assignment statement
Assignment expression, followed by a ;
Control statements
For branching and looping, like if-else, for, while, do-
while (to be seen later)
Input/Output
Read/print, like printf/scanf
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Example
Declaration statement
int a, b, larger;
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
larger = b;
Control Assignment
if (a > b) statement statement
larger = a; Input/Output
statement
printf(“Larger number is %d\n”, larger);
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Compound statements
A sequence of statements enclosed within {
and }
Each statement can be an assignment
statement, control statement, input/output
statement, or another compound statement
We will also call it block of statements
sometimes informally
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Example
int n;
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while(1) {
if (n > 0) break;
Compound statement
scanf(“%d”, &n);
}
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