Operators and Expressions

 The symbols which are used to perform logical and

mathematical operations in a C program are called C operators.
 These C operators join individual constants and variables to
form expressions.
 Operators, functions, constants and variables are combined
together to form expressions.
 Consider the expression A + B * 5 where +, * are operators, A, B
are variables, 5 is constant and A + B * 5 is an expression.
TYPES OF C OPERATORS:
C language offers many types of operators. They are,
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Relational operators
4. Logical operators
5. Bit wise operators
6. Conditional operators (ternary operators)
7. Increment/decrement operators
8. Special operators
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS IN C:
C Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical
calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
modulus in C programs.

Arithmetic
Operators/Operation Example

+ (Addition) A+B
 – (Subtraction) A-B

* (multiplication) A*B

/ (Division) A/B

% (Modulus) A%B

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR C ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:

In this example program, two values “40” and “20” are used to
perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, modulus and output is displayed for each
operation.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=40, b=20, add, sub, mul, div, mod;
add = a+b;
sub = a-b;
mul = a*b;
div = a/b;
mod = a%b;
printf("Addition of a, b is : %d\n", add);
printf("Subtraction of a, b is : %d\n", sub);
printf("Multiplication of a, b is : %d\n", mul);
printf("Division of a, b is : %d\n", div);
printf("Modulus of a, b is : %d\n", mod);
}
OUTPUT:

Addition of a, b is : 60
Subtraction of a, b is : 20
Multiplication of a, b is : 800
Division of a, b is : 2
Modulus of a, b is : 0

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS IN C:
In C programs, values for the variables are assigned using assignment
operators.
 For example, if the value “10” is to be assigned for the variable
“sum”, it can be assigned as “sum = 10;”
 There are 2 categories of assignment operators in C language.
They are,
1. Simple assignment operator (Example: = )
2. Compound assignment operators ( Example: +=, -=, *=, /=,
%=, &=, ^= )

Operators Example/Description

sum = 10;
= 10 is assigned to variable sum

sum += 10;
+= This is same as sum = sum + 10

sum -= 10;
-= This is same as sum = sum – 10

sum *= 10;
*= This is same as sum = sum * 10
 sum /= 10;
/= This is same as sum = sum / 10

sum %= 10;
%= This is same as sum = sum % 10

sum&=10;
&= This is same as sum = sum & 10

sum ^= 10;
^= This is same as sum = sum ^ 10

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR C ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS:

 In this program, values from 0 – 9 are summed up and total
“45” is displayed as output.
 Assignment operators such as “=” and “+=” are used in this
program to assign the values and to sum up the values.

1 # include <stdio.h>
2
3 int main()
4 {
5 int Total=0,i;
6 for(i=0;i<10;i++)
7 {
8 Total+=i; // This is same as Total = Toatal+i
9 }
10 printf("Total = %d", Total);
11 }
OUTPUT:

Total = 45

RELATIONAL OPERATORS IN C:
Relational operators are used to find the relation between two
variables. i.e. to compare the values of two variables in a C program.

Operators Example/Description

> x > y (x is greater than y)

< x < y (x is less than y)

x >= y (x is greater than or equal

>= to y)

<= x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)

== x == y (x is equal to y)

!= x != y (x is not equal to y)

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR RELATIONAL OPERATORS IN C:

 In this program, relational operator (==) is used to compare 2
values whether they are equal are not.
 If both values are equal, output is displayed as ” values are
equal”. Else, output is displayed as “values are not equal”.
 Note : double equal sign (==) should be used to compare 2
values. We should not single equal sign (=).
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20;
if (m == n)
{
printf("m and n are equal");
}
else
{
printf("m and n are not equal");
}
}
OUTPUT:

m and n are not equal

LOGICAL OPERATORS IN C:
These operators are used to perform logical operations on the given
expressions.
 There are 3 logical operators in C language. They are, logical
AND (&&), logical OR (||) and logical NOT (!).

Operators Example/Description

&&
(logical (x>5)&&(y<5)
AND) It returns true when both conditions are true
 (x>=10)||(y>=10)
|| (logical It returns true when at-least one of the
OR) condition is true

!((x>5)&&(y<5))
It reverses the state of the operand “((x>5)
&& (y<5))”
! (logical If “((x>5) && (y<5))” is true, logical NOT
NOT) operator makes it false

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR LOGICAL OPERATORS IN C:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int m=40,n=20;
int o=20,p=30;
if (m>n && m !=0)
{
printf("&& Operator : Both conditions are true\n");
}
if (o>p || p!=20)
{
printf("|| Operator : Only one condition is true\n");
}
if (!(m>n && m !=0))
{
 printf("! Operator : Both conditions are true\n");
}
else
{
printf("! Operator : Both conditions are true. " \
"But, status is inverted as false\n");
}
}
OUTPUT:

&& Operator : Both conditions are true

|| Operator : Only one condition is true
! Operator : Both conditions are true. But, status is inverted
as false

 In this program, operators (&&, || and !) are used to perform

logical operations on the given expressions.
 && operator – “if clause” becomes true only when both
conditions (m>n and m! =0) is true. Else, it becomes false.
 || Operator – “if clause” becomes true when any one of the
condition (o>p || p!=20) is true. It becomes false when none of
the condition is true.
 ! Operator – It is used to reverses the state of the operand.
 If the conditions (m>n && m!=0) is true, true (1) is returned.
This value is inverted by “!” operator.
 So, “! (m>n and m! =0)” returns false (0).
BIT WISE OPERATORS IN C:
These operators are used to perform bit operations. Decimal values
are converted into binary values which are the sequence of bits and
bit wise operators work on these bits.
  Bit wise operators in C language are & (bitwise AND), | (bitwise
OR), ~ (bitwise NOT), ^ (XOR), << (left shift) and >> (right shift).
TRUTH TABLE FOR BIT WISE OPERATION & BIT WISE OPERATORS:

BELOW ARE THE BIT-WISE OPERATORS AND THEIR NAME IN C

LANGUAGE.
1. & – Bitwise AND
2. | – Bitwise OR
3. ~ – Bitwise NOT
4. ^ – XOR
5. << – Left Shift
6. >> – Right Shift
Consider x=40 and y=80. Binary form of these values are given
below.
x = 00101000
y= 01010000
All bit wise operations for x and y are given below.
1. x&y = 00000000 (binary) = 0 (decimal)
2. x|y = 01111000 (binary) = 120 (decimal)
3. ~x = 11111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111010111 = -41 (decimal)
4. x^y = 01111000 (binary) = 120 (decimal)
5. x << 1 = 01010000 (binary) = 80 (decimal)
6. x >> 1 = 00010100 (binary) = 20 (decimal)
NOTE:
  Bit wise NOT : Value of 40 in binary is
00000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000010100000000000. So, all 0’s are
converted into 1’s in bit wise NOT operation.
 Bit wise left shift and right shift : In left shift operation “x << 1
“, 1 means that the bits will be left shifted by one place. If we
use it as “x << 2 “, then, it means that the bits will be left
shifted by 2 places.
EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR BIT WISE OPERATORS IN C:
In this example program, bit wise operations are performed as
shown above and output is displayed in decimal format.
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int m = 40,n = 80,AND_opr,OR_opr,XOR_opr,NOT_opr ;
AND_opr = (m&n);
OR_opr = (m|n);
NOT_opr = (~m);
XOR_opr = (m^n);
printf("AND_opr value = %d\n",AND_opr );
printf("OR_opr value = %d\n",OR_opr );
printf("NOT_opr value = %d\n",NOT_opr );
printf("XOR_opr value = %d\n",XOR_opr );
printf("left_shift value = %d\n", m << 1);
printf("right_shift value = %d\n", m >> 1);
}
OUTPUT:

AND_opr value = 0
OR_opr value = 120
NOT_opr value = -41
XOR_opr value = 120
left_shift value = 80
right_shift value = 20

CONDITIONAL OPERATORS IN C:
 Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and
returns another value is condition is false.
 This operator is also called as ternary operator.
Syntax : (Condition? true_value: false_value);
Example : (A > 100 ? 0 : 1);
 In above example, if A is greater than 100, 0 is returned else 1 is
returned. This is equal to if else conditional statements.
EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR CONDITIONAL/TERNARY OPERATORS IN
C:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x=1, y ;
y = ( x ==1 ? 2 : 0 ) ;
printf("x value is %d\n", x);
printf("y value is %d", y);
}
OUTPUT:
 x value is 1
y value is 2

Increment/decrement Operators in C:
 Increment operators are used to increase the value of the
variable by one and decrement operators are used to decrease
the value of the variable by one in C programs.
 Syntax:
Increment operator: ++var_name; (or) var_name++;
Decrement operator: – -var_name; (or) var_name – -;
 Example:
Increment operator : ++ i ; i ++ ;
Decrement operator : – – i ; i – – ;
EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR INCREMENT OPERATORS IN C:
In this program, value of “i” is incremented one by one from 1 up to
9 using “i++” operator and output is displayed as “1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9”.
//Example for increment operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=1;
while(i<10)
{
printf("%d ",i);
i++;
}
}
OUTPUT:

123456789

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR DECREMENT OPERATORS IN C:

In this program, value of “I” is decremented one by one from 20 up
to 11 using “i–” operator and output is displayed as “20 19 18 17 16
15 14 13 12 11”.
//Example for decrement operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=20;
while(i>10)
{
printf("%d ",i);
i--;
}
}
OUTPUT:

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE/POST INCREMENT & DECREMENT

OPERATORS IN C:
Below table will explain the difference between pre/post increment
and decrement operators in C programming language.
 Operator Operator/Description

value of i is incremented
Pre increment operator before assigning it to the
(++i) variable i

Post increment operator value of i is incremented after

(i++) assigning it to the variable i

value of i is decremented
Pre decrement operator before assigning it to the
(–i) variable i

Post decrement operator value of i is decremented after

(i–) assigning it to variable i

SPECIAL OPERATORS IN C:
Below are some of the special operators that the C programming
language offers.

Operators Description

This is used to get the address of

the variable.
Example : &a will give address of
& a.

This is used as pointer to a

variable.
Example : * a where, * is pointer
* to the variable a.

Sizeof () This gives the size of the variable.

 Example : size of (char) will give
us 1.

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR & AND * OPERATORS IN C:

In this program, “&” symbol is used to get the address of the variable
and “*” symbol is used to get the value of the variable that the
pointer is pointing to. Please refer C – pointer topic to know more
about pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr, q;
q = 50;
/* address of q is assigned to ptr */
ptr = &q;
/* display q's value using ptr variable */
printf("%d", *ptr);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

50

EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR SIZEOF() OPERATOR IN C:

sizeof() operator is used to find the memory space allocated for each
C data types.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>
int main()
{
int a;
char b;
float c;
double d;
printf("Storage size for int data type:%d \n",sizeof(a));
printf("Storage size for char data type:%d \n",sizeof(b));
printf("Storage size for float data type:%d \n",sizeof(c));
printf("Storage size for double data type:%d\n",sizeof(d));
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

Storage size for int data type:4

Storage size for char data type:1
Storage size for float data type:4
Storage size for double data type:8